标题： 比较效果研究中用于删失时间至事件结果的平均风险：一项数值研究 显示英文标题

标题： Comparative Effectiveness Research with Average Hazard for Censored Time-to-Event Outcomes: A Numerical Study

摘要： 平均风险（AH），由Uno和Horiguchi最近提出，代表了一种新的事件时间分布的汇总度量，可以被概念化为在特定时间窗口内的总体无删失平均个人时间发生率，即$[0,\tau].$。该指标计算为$\tau$时累积发生概率与$\tau$时限制平均生存时间的比值，并可以通过非参数方法进行估计。 AH的差值和比值为量化比较临床研究中事件结局的治疗效果提供了可行的替代传统Cox风险比的方法。 虽然在随机临床试验中评估AH差值和比值的方法已被提出，但基于AH的方法在一般比较有效性研究（CER）中的应用，其中干预措施并未随机分配，仍然讨论不足。 本文旨在介绍几种在一般CER中应用AH的方法，从而将其用途从随机试验扩展到治疗分配非随机的观察性研究。 显示英文摘要

摘要： The average hazard (AH), recently introduced by Uno and Horiguchi, represents a novel summary metric of event time distributions, conceptualized as the general censoring-free average person-time incidence rate on a given time window, $[0,\tau].$ This metric is calculated as the ratio of the cumulative incidence probability at $\tau$ to the restricted mean survival time at $\tau$ and can be estimated through non-parametric methods. The AH's difference and ratio present viable alternatives to the traditional Cox's hazard ratio for quantifying the treatment effect on time-to-event outcomes in comparative clinical studies. While the methodology for evaluating the difference and ratio of AH in randomized clinical trials has been previously proposed, the application of the AH-based approach in general comparative effectiveness research (CER), where interventions are not randomly allocated, remains underdiscussed. This paper aims to introduce several approaches for applying the AH in general CER, thereby extending its utility beyond randomized trial settings to observational studies where treatment assignment is non-random.