标题： 高多重性 $p+p$ 碰撞中 QGP 形成的可能特征：增强的 $ψ^{\prime}$ 产额和 $ψ^{\prime}/(J/ψ)$ 产额比 显示英文标题

标题： Enhanced $ψ^{\prime}$ yield and $ψ^{\prime}/(J/ψ)$ yield ratio as a possible signature of QGP formation in high multiplicity $p+p$ collisions

摘要： 在相对论重离子碰撞实验（RHICE）中，夸克偶素（重夸克-反夸克束缚态）产额的抑制被认为是热化禁闭部分子物质（即夸克胶子等离子体QGP）形成的重要标志之一。传统上，介质中夸克偶素态的解离被认为是在绝热近似下隐含假设的，即由于介质的变化，重夸克哈密顿量随时间缓慢变化。然而，在高多重性较小的系统中，例如在$p+p$碰撞中，由局部热化介质有限横向尺寸导致的横向流早期发展可能会使夸克偶素态经历非绝热演化。有观点认为，在存在这种非绝热演化的条件下，重夸克-反夸克束缚态产额的抑制可能无法可靠地指示QGP的形成~\cite{Bagchi:2023vfv}。我们提出，与其专注于$J/\psi$产额的抑制，不如将$\psi^{\prime}$和$J/\psi$产额比值（即$\psi^{\prime} / (J/\psi)$）的增强以及$\psi^{\prime}$产额的增加视为小系统中QGP形成的探针。 我们的研究结果基于小系统随时间演化的现实建模，表明产额比值 $\psi^{\prime} / (J/\psi)$ 和产额 $\psi^{\prime}$ 随着流体动力学化温度的升高而增加，这考虑了高多重性 $p+p$ 碰撞中的非绝热转变。 显示英文摘要

摘要： Suppression in the yield of quarkonia (heavy quark-antiquark bound states) has been considered one of the important signatures of the formation of the thermalized deconfined partonic matter, also known as the Quark Gluon Plasma (QGP), in Relativistic Heavy Ion Collision Experiments (RHICE). Traditionally, the in-medium dissociation of quarkonium states has been presented by implicitly assuming an adiabatic approximation, which considers that the heavy quark Hamiltonian changes slowly over time owing to change in the medium. However, in high multiplicity smaller systems, such as in $p+p$ collisions, the early development of transverse flow resulting from the finite transverse size of the locally thermalized medium may cause the quarkonium states to undergo a non-adiabatic evolution. It has been argued that in the presence of such a non-adiabatic evolution, the suppression of heavy quark-antiquark bound state yields may not reliably indicate QGP formation~\cite{Bagchi:2023vfv}. We propose that, rather than concentrating on the suppression of $J/\psi$ yields, the enhancement in the yield ratio of $\psi^{\prime}$ to $J/\psi$ (i.e., $\psi^{\prime} / (J/\psi)$), along with an increase in $\psi^{\prime}$ yield, should be considered as a probe of QGP formation for small systems. Our findings, based on realistic modeling of the time evolution of small systems, suggest that the yield ratio $\psi^{\prime} / (J/\psi)$ and the yield of $\psi^{\prime}$ increase as a function of hydrodynamization temperature incorporating the non-adiabatic transitions in high multiplicity $p+p$ collisions.