标题： DESI之后的中微子宇宙学：最严格的质量上限，对正常顺序的偏好，以及与地面观测的张力 显示英文标题

标题： Neutrino cosmology after DESI: tightest mass upper limits, preference for the normal ordering, and tension with terrestrial observations

摘要： 近期的DESI重子声波振荡测量对中微子质量总和得出了严格的上限，这可能与需要$\sum m_{\nu} \gtrsim 0.06\,{\text{eV}}$的振荡约束存在冲突。在正$\sum m_{\nu}$这一基于物理动机的假设下，我们研究了通过加入其他可用的宇宙探测手段，这些限制被进一步收紧的程度，并且稳健地量化了对于正常质量排序相对于倒置质量排序的偏好，以及宇宙学数据和地面实验数据之间的张力。结合DESI数据与宇宙微波背景测量及若干晚期背景探测手段，我们在不包括局部$H_0$先验的情况下找到的最严格的$2\sigma$限制为$\sum m_{\nu}<0.05\,{\text{eV}}$。这导致了对正常排序的强烈偏好，相对于倒置排序的贝叶斯因子为$46.5$。 根据采用的数据集组合和张力度量标准，我们将宇宙学观测与地基观测之间的张力量化为介于$2.5\sigma$和$5\sigma$之间。 当允许存在具有方程状态处于物理上合理非幻影区域的时间变化暗能量成分时，这些结果得到加强， $w(z) \geq -1$，突显了暗能量性质与质量排序实验室探测之间有趣的协同作用。 如果这些张力持续存在且不能归因于系统误差，则要么标准中微子（粒子）物理学，要么基础宇宙学模型，或者两者都需要受到质疑。 显示英文摘要

摘要： The recent DESI Baryon Acoustic Oscillation measurements have led to tight upper limits on the neutrino mass sum, potentially in tension with oscillation constraints requiring $\sum m_{\nu} \gtrsim 0.06\,{\text{eV}}$. Under the physically motivated assumption of positive $\sum m_{\nu}$, we study the extent to which these limits are tightened by adding other available cosmological probes, and robustly quantify the preference for the normal mass ordering over the inverted one, as well as the tension between cosmological and terrestrial data. Combining DESI data with Cosmic Microwave Background measurements and several late-time background probes, the tightest $2\sigma$ limit we find without including a local $H_0$ prior is $\sum m_{\nu}<0.05\,{\text{eV}}$. This leads to a strong preference for the normal ordering, with Bayes factor relative to the inverted one of $46.5$. Depending on the dataset combination and tension metric adopted, we quantify the tension between cosmological and terrestrial observations as ranging between $2.5\sigma$ and $5\sigma$. These results are strenghtened when allowing for a time-varying dark energy component with equation of state lying in the physically motivated non-phantom regime, $w(z) \geq -1$, highlighting an interesting synergy between the nature of dark energy and laboratory probes of the mass ordering. If these tensions persist and cannot be attributed to systematics, either or both standard neutrino (particle) physics or the underlying cosmological model will have to be questioned.