标题： 二极玻色-爱因斯坦凝聚体中低于临界旋转频率的涡旋核形成路线图 显示英文标题

标题： Roadmap to vortex nucleation below critical rotation frequency in a dipolar Bose-Einstein condensate

摘要： 在高于某个临界陷阱旋转频率的超流体中形成量子化涡旋，是超流性的标志性特征。 基于超越平均场框架，这对于奇异超固体和液滴态的形成至关重要，我们研究了在偶极玻色-爱因斯坦凝聚体（BEC）的超流态和超固体态中产生涡旋的动力学协议，在显著较低的陷阱旋转频率下进行。 我们发现，陷阱的临界旋转频率随着偶极-偶极相互作用强度和外加磁场的极化方向而变化。 利用这些偶极BEC的特性，我们展示了三种动力学协议用于涡旋生成，即使在旋转低于临界旋转频率时也能实现，即：(i) 改变$s$-波散射长度，(ii) 改变极化角度，以及(iii) 依次调制散射长度和极化角度。 这些动态涡旋种子协议可以作为未来实验研究的重要基准。 显示英文摘要

摘要： The formation of quantized vortices in a superfluid above a certain critical trap rotation frequency serves as a hallmark signature of superfluidity. Based on the beyond mean field framework, crucial for the formation of exotic supersolid and droplet states, we investigate dynamic protocols for vortex nucleation in the superfluid and supersolid states of a dipolar Bose-Einstein condensate (BEC), at a significantly lower trap rotation frequency. We find that the critical rotation frequency of the trap varies with the dipole-dipole interaction strength and the polarization direction of the external magnetic field. Leveraging these characteristics of dipolar BECs, we demonstrate three dynamic protocols for vortex nucleation even when rotating below the critical rotation frequency viz.: (i) varying the $s$-wave scattering length, (ii) changing the polarizing angle, and (iii) successive modulation of both the scattering length and polarizing angle. These dynamic vortex seeding protocols could serve as important benchmarks for future experimental studies.