标题： 一种新类型的超新星爆炸揭示了硅和硫的宇宙形成场所 显示英文标题

标题： A cosmic formation site of silicon and sulphur revealed by a new type of supernova explosion

摘要： 恒星的核心是宇宙熔炉，在那里轻元素聚变成较重的原子核。 氢聚变成氦最初为所有恒星提供能量。 然后预测聚变反应的残余物将作为一系列阶段的燃料，最终将大质量恒星转化为同心壳层结构。 这些壳层由外部的原始氢组成，并依次向内含有越来越重的成分，预计主要由氦、碳/氧、氧/氖/镁以及氧/硅/硫组成。 硅和硫聚变成惰性的铁，导致核心坍缩，从而引发超新星爆炸或直接形成黑洞。 剥离恒星（其中外部氢层已被剥离，内部富含氦的层（在Wolf-Rayet WN型恒星中）甚至下面的C/O层（在Wolf-Rayet WC/WO型恒星中）暴露出来）提供了这种壳层结构以及所反映的宇宙元素生产机制的证据。 从嵌套在伴星物质壳层中的剥离恒星引发的超新星爆炸类型（最显著的是来自具有外部He层的恒星的Ib型超新星和来自具有外部C/O层的恒星的Ic型超新星）证实了这一场景。 然而，缺乏最内层壳层的直接证据，这些壳层负责产生比氧更重的元素。 在这里，我们报告发现了一种前所未有的超新星，它源于一颗被剥离到硅和硫丰富的内部层的特殊恒星。 尽管大质量恒星的同心壳层结构并无争议，但这是首次直接揭示如此厚且富含硅和硫的壳层，它是由超新星爆发前不久的前身天体抛出的。 显示英文摘要

摘要： The cores of stars are the cosmic furnaces where light elements are fused into heavier nuclei. The fusion of hydrogen to helium initially powers all stars. The ashes of the fusion reactions are then predicted to serve as fuel in a series of stages, eventually transforming massive stars into a structure of concentric shells. These are composed of natal hydrogen on the outside, and consecutively heavier compositions inside, predicted to be dominated by helium, carbon/oxygen, oxygen/neon/magnesium, and oxygen/silicon/sulphur. Silicon and sulphur are fused into inert iron, leading to the collapse of the core and either a supernova explosion or the direct formation of a black hole. Stripped stars, where the outer hydrogen layer has been removed and the internal He-rich layer (in Wolf-Rayet WN stars) or even the C/O layer below it (in Wolf-Rayet WC/WO stars) are exposed, provide evidence for this shell structure, and the cosmic element production mechanism it reflects. The types of supernova explosions that arise from stripped stars embedded in shells of circumstellar material (most notably Type Ibn supernovae from stars with outer He layers, and Type Icn supernovae from stars with outer C/O layers) confirm this scenario. However, direct evidence for the most interior shells, which are responsible for the production of elements heavier than oxygen, is lacking. Here, we report the discovery of the first-of-its-kind supernova arising from a star peculiarly stripped all the way to the silicon and sulphur-rich internal layer. Whereas the concentric shell structure of massive stars is not under debate, it is the first time that such a thick, massive silicon and sulphur-rich shell, expelled by the progenitor shortly before the SN explosion, has been directly revealed.