标题： 太阳早期光度历史的约束：对昏暗年轻太阳问题的应用 显示英文标题

标题： Constraints on the Early Luminosity History of the Sun: Applications to the Faint Young Sun Problem

摘要： 恒星演化理论预测，过去太阳的亮度较弱，这可能对理解地球的气候历史带来困难。 解决这一黯淡年轻太阳问题的一种假设是过去太阳更明亮。 在本文中，我们使用YREC代码计算包括旋转、磁化风和相关质量损失的太阳模型，以评估太阳光度历史的稳健性。 我们提供了详细的太阳模型及其演化历史，这些模型与太阳观测结果高度一致。 与之前的标准模型一致，我们推断出较高的太阳金属含量。 我们提供了用于气候重建和活动研究的预测X射线光度和旋转历史。 我们发现，在太古代（对应辐射强迫为0.849 W m$^{-2}$）期间，太阳的光度与标准太阳模型轨迹的最大偏差为0.5%。 由于质量损失和角动量损失之间的强反馈作用，太阳模型经历的总质量损失较小。 我们发现自诞生以来的最大质量损失为$1.35 \times 10^{-3} M_\odot$，处于或低于经验估计所预测的水平。 相关的最大光度增加远未达到解决FYS问题所需的水平。 我们提供了古温度和CO$_2$重建的综合数据。 一维“反向”气候模型显示，达到高温（例如60-80 $^{\circ}$C）所需的太阳常数与本研究确定的合理太阳光度范围之间存在不匹配。 然而，在这些条件下，维持温暖的地球是可行的。 显示英文摘要

摘要： Stellar evolution theory predicts that the Sun was fainter in the past, which can pose difficulties for understanding Earth's climate history. One proposed solution to this Faint Young Sun problem is a more luminous Sun in the past. In this paper, we address the robustness of the solar luminosity history using the YREC code to compute solar models including rotation, magnetized winds, and the associated mass loss. We present detailed solar models, including their evolutionary history, which are in excellent agreement with solar observables. Consistent with prior standard models, we infer a high solar metal content. We provide predicted X-ray luminosities and rotation histories for usage in climate reconstructions and activity studies. We find that the Sun's luminosity deviates from the standard solar model trajectory by at most 0.5% during the Archean (corresponding to a radiative forcing of 0.849 W m$^{-2}$). The total mass loss experienced by solar models is modest because of strong feedback between mass and angular momentum loss. We find a maximum mass loss of $1.35 \times 10^{-3} M_\odot$ since birth, at or below the level predicted by empirical estimates. The associated maximum luminosity increase falls well short of the level necessary to solve the FYS problem. We present compilations of paleotemperature and CO$_2$ reconstructions. 1-D "inverse" climate models demonstrate a mismatch between the solar constant needed to reach high temperatures (e.g. 60-80 $^{\circ}$C) and the narrow range of plausible solar luminosities determined in this study. Maintaining a temperate Earth, however, is plausible given these conditions.