标题： 平衡行为：挪威电力转型中风力限制的成本 显示英文标题

标题： Balancing Act: The Cost of Wind Restrictions in Norway's Electricity Transition

摘要： 为了履行《巴黎协定》的承诺并减少对能源进口的依赖，欧洲未来十年可再生能源部署的速度和规模必须大幅增加。 这样陡然的变化不可避免地会在其他社会优先事项上带来权衡取舍。 在这里，我们研究了一个案例，重点关注对陆上风能的反对意见以及实现深度电气化计划可能需要做出的妥协。 使用电力系统模型，我们探讨了塑造2030年陆上风电未来部署的关键社会和环境维度对挪威电力系统成本和设计的影响。 我们发现，在几乎不允许新增陆上风电的限制下，需求无法得到满足，负荷不得不削减。 然而，当放松对陆上风电的限制或允许国内输电扩展时，可以找到成本仅为原来一小部分的可行系统设计。 为了实现净零目标，必须在风力发电部署、输电扩展、工业非电气化或需求减少之间做出妥协。 显示英文摘要

摘要： To meet its commitments under the Paris Agreement and reduce its dependency on energy imports, the pace, and scale of renewable energy deployment across Europe must increase dramatically over the next decade. Such a steep change in the net-zero transition will inevitably necessitate trade-offs with other societal priorities. Here we investigate a case study focused on the opposition towards onshore wind and the compromises that may need to be made to deliver its plans for deep electrification. Using an electricity system model, we explore the implications of key social and environmental dimensions shaping the future deployment of onshore wind on the costs and design of electricity systems for Norway in 2030. We find that under restrictions that allow for almost no additional onshore wind, demand can not be met and load has to be shed. Yet, when reducing the restrictions on onshore wind or allowing for in-country transmission expansion, feasible system designs at a small fraction of that cost can be found. To meet the net-zero targets, compromises will need to be made on either wind power deployment, transmission expansion, non-electrification of industry or demand reduction.