标题： 最小化间隙：膜蛋白在脂质体悬浮液中形成三维图案 显示英文标题

标题： MinD the gap: Membrane proteins form 3D patterns in a suspension of liposomes

摘要： 模式形成系统的自组织不仅依赖于其组分的化学性质，还依赖于其物理性质。 在本工作中，我们将MinDE蛋白系统的脂质底物碎片化并分散成扩散性的亚微米级脂质体，并报告称，尽管膜连续性完全丧失，ATP驱动的蛋白质-蛋白质相互作用仍能继续在远大于所需脂质体尺度的范围内驱动空间扩展图案。 由于膜被分散在一个体积中，这些图案在三维中形成。 通过改变蛋白质浓度、脂质体尺寸分布和密度，我们观察并表征了稳态下的丰富三维动态图案，包括行进波、动态螺旋以及两种图案共存的混合相。 对一个粗粒度模型的模拟和线性稳定性分析表明，分散膜的物理性质有效地重新缩放了控制模式形成和波长选择的两个关键因素：蛋白质-膜结合速率和扩散。 这项工作突显了在膜碎片化的情况下，膜-体系统中模式形成的鲁棒性。 它表明，生物蛋白系统有潜力作为非平衡自组织的适应性模板，在活体外的生物环境中实现三维自组织。 显示英文摘要

摘要： The self-organization of pattern-forming systems depends not only on the chemical but also physical properties of their components. In this work, we fragmented and dispersed the MinDE protein system's lipid substrate into diffusive sub-micrometer-sized liposomes, and report that the ATP-fueled protein-protein interactions continue to drive spatially extended patterns at scales well separated from those of the requisite liposomes, despite the complete loss of membrane continuity. The patterns form in three-dimensions because the membrane is dispersed in a volume. By varying protein concentration, liposome size distribution, and density, we observed and characterized rich 3D dynamical patterns at steady state, including traveling waves, dynamical spirals and a mixed phase where both patterns coexist. Simulations and linear stability analysis of a coarse-grained model reveal that the dispersed membranes's physical properties effectively rescale two key factors that govern pattern formation and wavelength selection: protein-membrane binding rates and diffusion. This work highlights the robustness of pattern formation in membrane-bulk systems despite membrane fragmentation. It suggests that biological protein systems have the potential to serve as adaptable templates for out-of-equilibrium self-organization in 3D, beyond in vivo biological contexts.