标题： 欧洲不同气候目标下的陆地运输内生转变 显示英文标题

标题： Endogenous transformation of land transport in Europe for different climate targets

摘要： 公路运输占欧洲温室气体排放量的四分之一，因此其转型是欧洲整体脱碳目标的关键部分。 当前的欧洲政策推动交通部门的脱碳，乘用车销售显示出电动汽车采用率的提高。 陆地运输的全面电气化将显著增加平均电力需求，但智能充电和车辆到电网技术可以提供额外的灵活性，以平衡风能和太阳能发电。 在本研究中，我们发现嵌入部门耦合的开放能源模型PyPSA-Eur中的欧洲陆地运输部门的成本最优转型路径。 我们考虑使用化石燃料、氢燃料和电动汽车，时间分辨率为3小时，覆盖全年和33个相互连接的欧洲国家。 我们在不同的碳预算下分析了从2025年到2050年的转型路径，对应的温度上升分别为1.7{\deg }C和2{\deg }C。 我们的结果表明，公路运输的快速电气化即使在没有气候目标的情况下也能降低总系统成本。 我们看到所有国家和所有碳预算下都明显倾向于迅速淘汰内燃机汽车并使用电动汽车。 允许电动汽车智能充电可使总系统成本降低1.6%，因为它几乎减少了40%的固定电池安装需求。 显示英文摘要

摘要： Road transport is responsible for about a quarter of Europe's greenhouse gas emissions, making its transformation a crucial part of Europe's overall decarbonization goals. Current European policies promote decarbonizing the transport sector and passenger car sales show an increased adoption of electric vehicles. Full electrification of land transport will significantly increase the average electricity demand but the use of smart charging and vehicle-to-grid could provide additional flexibility to balance wind and solar generation. In this study, we find cost-optimal transition pathways of the European land transport sector embedded in the sector-coupled open energy model PyPSA-Eur. We consider fossil-fueled, hydrogen-fueled, and electric cars using a 3-hour time resolution for a full year and covering 33 interconnected European countries. We analyze a transition path from 2025 to 2050 under different carbon budgets corresponding to a 1.7{\deg}C and 2{\deg}C temperature increase. Our results show that rapid electrification of road transport reduces the total system cost, even in the absence of climate targets. We see a clear preference for rapidly decommissioning internal combustion engine vehicles and using electric vehicles in all countries and under all carbon budgets. Allowing smart charging of electric vehicles decreases the total system cost by 1.6% because it reduces the need to install stationary batteries by almost 40%.