标题： 基于$3\omega$技术的两种锁相放大器：块状样品热导率实验的实际指南 显示英文标题

标题： Two lock-in amplifiers based $3ω$ technique: a practical guide for thermal conductivity experiments in bulk samples

摘要： 准确测定块状材料的热导率$\kappa(T)$对评估其作为特定应用候选材料的性能至关重要。3$\omega$技术是一种研究薄膜热导率的成熟方法，在室温和以上温度下，对于块状样品尤其适用，因为在这些情况下标准稳态技术需要对辐射损失进行显著校正。 尽管该方法已在多项工作中被采用，但它仍未被广泛接受，因为其实现需要相当高的复杂性，包括实验设计、薄膜沉积技术和电流/热转换器几何形状的选择、电子学以及信号分析处理。 本工作回顾了该技术最关键的几个技术方面，从设计阶段到执行和分析，提供实用支持以实现快速且用户友好的实施。我们发布了一个基于Python的图形用户界面，该界面能够在实验前基于沉积转换器（加热器/温度计金属线）的几何参数（宽度/长度）快速定量估计所研究的温度分布，从而确保对每种待研究材料的实验条件进行最优工程设计。 显示英文摘要

摘要： The accurate determination of thermal conductivity $\kappa(T)$ in bulk materials is essential to assess their performance as candidates for specific applications. The 3$\omega$ technique is an established methodology for studying the thermal conductivity of thin films and becomes particularly suitable in the case of bulk specimens at room temperature and above, where standard stationary techniques require significant corrections for radiative losses. Although this method has been employed in several works, it remains not widely adopted because its implementation demands considerable sophistication, including experiment design, thin film deposition techniques and choices of the geometry of the current/heat transducer, electronics, and analytical treatment of the signals. This work reviews the technique's most crucial technical aspects, providing practical support for a quick and user-friendly implementation, from the design phase to the execution and analysis. We release a Python-based graphical user interface that supports a quick quantitative estimation of the investigated temperature profiles based on the geometrical parameters (width/length) of the deposited transducer (heater/thermometer metal line) before an experiment, guaranteeing an optimal engineering of the experimental conditions for each given material under scrutiny.