标题： 俄罗斯的 parenthood penalty：来自家庭规模外生变化的证据 显示英文标题

标题： Parenthood Penalty in Russia: Evidence from Exogenous Variation in Family Size

摘要： 本研究旨在改进关于俄罗斯父母身份惩罚的现有相关文献。 作者采用了基于兄弟姐妹性别构成和多胞胎的工具变量方法，并结合差异-差异设计来分析丰富的人口普查和纵向数据集。 据作者所知，这是第一项为当代俄罗斯母亲和父亲的生育决策对随后劳动力市场结果的影响提供因果估计的研究。 研究的主要发现是，与发达国家观察到的大约10%的长期母亲身份惩罚相比，在俄罗斯，生育对女性就业的因果影响在出生后第一年最为显著，使就业率降低了约15%。 一旦孩子开始上学，这一惩罚迅速下降至仅为3%。 分析表明，在就业方面不存在系统性的父亲身份惩罚，尽管观察到劳动供给有适度增加。 显示英文摘要

摘要： The present study aimed to improve upon the existing correlational literature on the parenthood penalty in Russia. An instrumental variables approach based on sibling sex composition and multiple births was employed alongside difference-in-differences designs to analyze rich census and longitudinal datasets. To the best of the authors' knowledge, this is the first study to provide causal estimates of the effect of fertility decisions on subsequent labor market outcomes for mothers and fathers in contemporary Russia. The study's primary finding is that, in contrast to the approximately 10 percent long-term motherhood penalty observed in developed countries, the causal impact of childbearing on women's employment in Russia is most significant in the first year after birth, reducing employment by around 15 percent. This penalty then rapidly declines to a modest 3 percent once children reach school age. The analysis indicates an absence of a systematic fatherhood penalty in terms of employment, although a modest increase in labor supply is observed.