标题： 詹姆斯·韦布空间望远镜对岩石系外行星的首次观察 显示英文标题

标题： A first look at rocky exoplanets with JWST

摘要： 系外岩石行星的特征研究一直是早期詹姆斯·韦布空间望远镜（JWST）科学操作的首要任务。 已经实现了多个里程碑，包括迄今为止测量到的最精确的岩石行星透射光谱，以及对低于800开尔文的岩石世界热辐射的首次检测。 尽管取得了这些进展，但尚未明确检测到任何大气层。 一些透射光谱显示出分子吸收特征的初步证据，但这些迹象并不显著，光谱可能受到恒星污染的影响。 许多可能的大气层特征，包括以氧气、氮气和二氧化碳为主的大气层特征，都低于当前的噪声水平。 同时，从热辐射光谱得出的初步图像是，这些行星的白天面温度较高，这与裸露的岩石成分或低表面压力大气层（<10巴）一致。 在假设无云大气模型的情况下，较高的表面压力和高二氧化碳丰度通常被排除。 缺乏强CO$_2$特征表明，这些行星初始的挥发物库存有限，或者在其早期生命期内大气逃逸迅速。 综合来看，这些结果促使我们追求更高精度的数据，以及观测温度较低的行星，这些行星更有可能保留大气层。 作为未来透射光谱学的目标，我们建议一个“五个尺度高度挑战”，以实现检测氮气丰富大气中CO$_2$特征所需的精度。 检测岩石行星大气层仍然具有挑战性，但凭借JWST的出色性能以及持续的望远镜时间投入，我们对未来几年内探测这些未探索的大气层充满信心。 显示英文摘要

摘要： Rocky exoplanet characterization has been a top priority for early James Webb Space Telescope (JWST) science operations. Several milestones have been achieved, including the most precise rocky planet transmission spectra measured to date, and the first detection of thermal emission for rocky worlds below 800 Kelvin. Despite these advances, no atmospheres have been definitively detected. Several transmission spectra show tentative evidence for molecular absorption features, but these hints are marginally significant and the spectra may be affected by stellar contamination. Features from many plausible atmospheres, including those dominated by oxygen, nitrogen, and carbon dioxide, are below the current noise level. Meanwhile, the emerging picture from thermal emission spectra is that the planets have hot daysides, consistent with either a bare rock composition or low surface pressure atmospheres (< 10 bar). Higher surface pressures and high carbon dioxide abundances are generally ruled out, assuming cloud-free atmosphere models. The absence of strong CO$_2$ features hints at a limited initial volatile inventory or rapid atmospheric escape during the planets' early lifetimes. Taken together, these results motivate a push towards higher precision data, as well as observations of cooler planets that may be more likely to retain atmospheres. As a goal for future transmission spectroscopy, we suggest a "five scale height challenge," to achieve the precision necessary to detect CO$_2$ features in nitrogen-rich atmospheres. Detecting rocky planet atmospheres remains challenging, but with JWST's excellent performance and a continuing investment of telescope time, we are optimistic these uncharted atmospheres will be detected in coming years.