标题： 实时动力学在(2+1)-D规范理论中：超导量子模拟器上的弦性本质 显示英文标题

标题： Real-Time Dynamics in a (2+1)-D Gauge Theory: The Stringy Nature on a Superconducting Quantum Simulator

摘要： 理解规范理论中的约束机制以及规范通量管的有效弦状描述的普遍性仍然是现代物理学中的一个基本挑战。我们通过使用具有最多144个量子比特的超导量子处理器对(2+1)维规范理论进行数字量子模拟，研究了带有动态物质的弦模式运动，拓展了硬件能力，量子电路深度包含最多192个两量子比特层。我们通过将$Z_2$-Higgs模型（$Z_2$HM）优化嵌入到重六边形超导量子比特架构中，直接将物质和规范场映射到顶点和链接超导量子比特上。利用局部规范对称性的结构，我们实施了一套全面的误差抑制、缓解和校正策略，以实现实时观察和操控连接动态电荷的电弦。我们的结果解析了弦末端的纵向振荡和横向弯曲的动力学层次，这些是强子化和介子旋转光谱的前兆。我们进一步探索了多弦过程，观察到了弦的碎片化和重组。实验设计支持每条电路300,000次测量，每个时间步总共600,000次测量，实现了高保真统计。我们使用基于基底更新和Galerkin方法的广泛张量网络模拟来预测大规模实时动力学并验证我们的误差感知协议。这项工作确立了通过超导量子模拟探测非微扰规范动力学的一个里程碑，并阐明了约束弦的实时行为。 显示英文摘要

摘要： Understanding the confinement mechanism in gauge theories and the universality of effective string-like descriptions of gauge flux tubes remains a fundamental challenge in modern physics. We probe string modes of motion with dynamical matter in a digital quantum simulation of a (2+1) dimensional gauge theory using a superconducting quantum processor with up to 144 qubits, stretching the hardware capabilities with quantum-circuit depths comprising up to 192 two-qubit layers. We realize the $Z_2$-Higgs model ($Z_2$HM) through an optimized embedding into a heavy-hex superconducting qubit architecture, directly mapping matter and gauge fields to vertex and link superconducting qubits, respectively. Using the structure of local gauge symmetries, we implement a comprehensive suite of error suppression, mitigation, and correction strategies to enable real-time observation and manipulation of electric strings connecting dynamical charges. Our results resolve a dynamical hierarchy of longitudinal oscillations and transverse bending at the end points of the string, which are precursors to hadronization and rotational spectra of mesons. We further explore multi-string processes, observing the fragmentation and recombination of strings. The experimental design supports 300,000 measurement shots per circuit, totaling 600,000 shots per time step, enabling high-fidelity statistics. We employ extensive tensor network simulations using the basis update and Galerkin method to predict large-scale real-time dynamics and validate our error-aware protocols. This work establishes a milestone for probing non-perturbative gauge dynamics via superconducting quantum simulation and elucidates the real-time behavior of confining strings.