标题： 不可变性不保证信任：形式与逻辑的反驳 显示英文标题

标题： Immutability Does Not Guarantee Trust: A Formal and Logical Refutation

摘要： 在区块链讨论中经常声称不可变性保证了信任。 本文严格反驳了这一说法。 我们将不可变性定义为追加-only数据结构中历史状态的密码学持久性，并将其与信任进行对比，信任被理解为在不确定性下的理性认识期望。 通过谓词逻辑、自动机理论模型和认识博弈论分析，我们证明不可变性既不意味着也不暗示正确性、公平性或可信度。 通过形式化构造和反例——包括预测欺诈方案和垃圾永久性的现象——我们表明这种信念混淆了结构领域和认识领域。 不可变性平等地保留所有数据，无论其真实性如何。 因此，不可变性保证信任的说法在形式审查下崩溃。 显示英文摘要

摘要： It is frequently claimed in blockchain discourse that immutability guarantees trust. This paper rigorously refutes that assertion. We define immutability as the cryptographic persistence of historical states in an append-only data structure and contrast it with trust, understood as a rational epistemic expectation under uncertainty. Employing predicate logic, automata-theoretic models, and epistemic game-theoretic analysis, we demonstrate that immutability neither entails nor implies correctness, fairness, or credibility. Through formal constructions and counterexamples--including predictive fraud schemes and the phenomenon of garbage permanence--we show that the belief conflates structural and epistemic domains. Immutability preserves all data equally, regardless of veracity. Therefore, the assertion that immutability guarantees trust collapses under the weight of formal scrutiny.