标题： 中央银行数字货币：综述 显示英文标题

标题： Central Bank Digital Currencies: A Survey

摘要： 随着数字支付技术的进步，全球中央银行越来越多地开始探索中央银行数字货币（CBDC）的实施。 本文全面回顾了CBDC系统设计和实施的最新进展。 通过分析2018年至2025年间发表的135篇研究论文，该研究对CBDC设计分类法和生态系统框架进行了深入考察。 基于CBDC设计金字塔，本文通过深入研究账本技术的创新、共识机制的选择以及离线支付和数字钱包集成相关的挑战，精炼并扩展了关键架构要素。 此外，它构想了CBDC生态系统。 在四个维度：系统架构、账本技术、访问模式和应用领域上，对26个现有的CBDC系统进行了详细的比较分析。 研究结果表明，最常见的配置包括双层架构、分布式账本技术（DLT）和基于代币的访问模式。 然而，在应用领域方面尚未出现主导趋势。 值得注意的是，最近的研究显示，越来越多的关注被放在利用CBDC解决当前系统中的低效率和结构性延迟，以实现跨境支付。 最后，本文为未来的研究提供了若干前瞻性建议。 显示英文摘要

摘要： With the advancement of digital payment technologies, central banks worldwide have increasingly begun to explore the implementation of Central Bank Digital Currencies (CBDCs). This paper presents a comprehensive review of the latest developments in CBDC system design and implementation. By analyzing 135 research papers published between 2018 and 2025, the study provides an in-depth examination of CBDC design taxonomy and ecosystem frameworks. Grounded in the CBDC Design Pyramid, the paper refines and expands key architectural elements by thoroughly investigating innovations in ledger technologies, the selection of consensus mechanisms, and challenges associated with offline payments and digital wallet integration. Furthermore, it conceptualizes a CBDC ecosystem. A detailed comparative analysis of 26 existing CBDC systems is conducted across four dimensions: system architecture, ledger technology, access model, and application domain. The findings reveal that the most common configuration consists of a two-tier architecture, distributed ledger technology (DLT), and a token-based access model. However, no dominant trend has emerged regarding application domains. Notably, recent research shows a growing focus on leveraging CBDCs for cross-border payments to resolve inefficiencies and structural delays in current systems. Finally, the paper offers several forward-looking recommendations for future research.