标题： 复杂性与耦合：一种功能域方法 显示英文标题

标题： Complexity and Coupling: A Functional Domain Approach

摘要： 本文提供了在功能领域内，特别是在工业控制和自动化系统（iCAS）中，复杂性和耦合的精确和科学定义。 我们强调了在定义复杂性和耦合时存在的广泛模糊性，指出许多基于物理属性的现有定义导致了混淆和不一致。 此外，我们重新展示了耦合设计为何本质上会增加复杂性，以及这种复杂性如何可能被降低。 通过来自软件工程、工业自动化和机械设计等不同学科的例子，我们证明了复杂性并不必然与系统规模或组件数量相关，而耦合不像软件工程中的普遍观点那样发生在物理领域，而是发生在功能领域。 我们得出结论，有效的设计需要在功能领域内解决耦合和复杂性。 显示英文摘要

摘要： This paper provides a precise and scientific definition of complexity and coupling, grounded in the functional domain, particularly within industrial control and automation systems (iCAS). We highlight the widespread ambiguity in defining complexity and coupling, emphasizing that many existing definitions rooted in physical attributes lead to confusion and inconsistencies. Furthermore, we re-exhibit why coupled design inherently increases complexity and how potentially this complexity could be reduced. Drawing on examples from various disciplines, such as software engineering, industrial automation, and mechanical design, we demonstrate that complexity does not necessarily correlate with system size or the number of components, and coupling, unlike common belief in software engineering, actually does not occur in the physical domain but in the functional domain. We conclude that effective design necessitates addressing coupling and complexity within the functional domain.