标题： 使用\textit{费米}-LAT 观测结果证明质子从 Puppis A 区域被加速并逃逸 显示英文标题

标题： Evidence for protons accelerated and escaped from the Puppis A region using \textit{Fermi}-LAT observations

摘要： 超新星遗迹（SNRs）与分子云相互作用是研究宇宙射线加速及其在致密周围介质中传播的有趣实验室。 我们分析了14年的费米-LAT对船尾座A超新星遗迹的观测数据，以研究其不对称的$\gamma$射线形态和光谱特性。 这个中年遗迹（$\sim$4 kyr）正在不均匀环境中演化，在东北方向与致密分子云相互作用，在西南方向与低密度介质相互作用。 我们发现这两个区域在$\gamma$射线光度和能谱分布方面存在明显差异。 两侧的辐射与强子起源一致。 然而，虽然西南部的辐射可以用标准的扩散冲击加速（DSA）来解释，但东北部可能涉及先前存在的宇宙射线的再加速或在致密云环境中的反射冲击加速。 此外，我们识别出遗迹外部的两个显著$\gamma$射线过量，包括一个之前未报告的南部源。 这些特征可能是逃逸出船尾座A的宇宙射线与附近致密分子物质相互作用产生的。 从这种扩展辐射中，我们估计逃逸宇宙射线的总能量为$W_{CR} \sim 1.5 \times 10^{49}$erg，为遗迹周围的宇宙射线传播提供了重要的约束。 显示英文摘要

摘要： Supernova remnants (SNRs) interacting with molecular clouds are interesting laboratories to study the acceleration of cosmic rays and their propagation in the dense ambient medium. We analyze 14 years of Fermi-LAT observations of the supernova remnant Puppis A to investigate its asymmetric $\gamma$-ray morphology and spectral properties. This middle-aged remnant ($\sim$4 kyr) is evolving in an inhomogeneous environment, interacting with a dense molecular cloud in the northeast and a lower-density medium in the southwest. We find clear differences in both $\gamma$-ray luminosity and spectral energy distribution between these two regions. The emission from both sides is consistent with a hadronic origin. However, while the southwestern emission can be explained by standard Diffusive Shock Acceleration (DSA), the northeastern side may involve re-acceleration of pre-existing cosmic rays or acceleration via reflected shocks in the dense cloud environment. Additionally, we identify two significant $\gamma$-ray excesses outside the remnant, including a previously unreported source to the south. These features are likely produced by cosmic rays that have escaped Puppis A and are interacting with nearby dense molecular material. From this extended emission, we estimate the total energy in escaping cosmic rays to be $W_{CR} \sim 1.5 \times 10^{49}$ erg, providing important constraints on cosmic-ray propagation around the remnant.