标题： 为什么在1980年代暗物质假说取代了修改引力？ 显示英文标题

标题： Why did the dark matter hypothesis supersede modified gravity in the 1980s?

摘要： 在20世纪60年代和70年代，一系列观测和理论发展突显了若干异常现象，这些现象原则上可以通过以下两种工作假设之一来解释：(i) 暗物质的存在，或(ii) 在低加速度情况下标准引力动力学的修改。 在随后的几年里，作为暗物质现象学解释的暗物质假说相比修改引力假说吸引了更多的关注，而后者目前基本上被视为不可行的替代方案。 本文采用综合的历史与科学哲学方法，以确定为什么科学界在随后的几年中主要追求暗物质假说，而不是修改引力。 通过三个关于假说追求价值的认知标准给出了一个合理的答案：(a) 其解决问题的潜力，(b) 与现有理论的兼容性以及纳入的可行性，以及(c) 其独立可检验性。 还对暗物质问题和暗能量问题进行了进一步比较，解释了为何在后一种情况下情况不同，修改引力仍然被视为一种可行的可能性。 显示英文摘要

摘要： In the 1960s and 1970s a series of observations and theoretical developments highlighted the presence of several anomalies which could, in principle, be explained by postulating one of the following two working hypotheses: (i) the existence of dark matter, or (ii) the modification of standard gravitational dynamics in low accelerations. In the years that followed, the dark matter hypothesis as an explanation for dark matter phenomenology attracted far more attention compared to the hypothesis of modified gravity, and the latter is largely regarded today as a non-viable alternative. The present article takes an integrated history and philosophy of science approach in order to identify the reasons why the scientific community mainly pursued the dark matter hypothesis in the years that followed, as opposed to modified gravity. A plausible answer is given in terms of three epistemic criteria for the pursuitworthiness of a hypothesis: (a) its problem-solving potential, (b) its compatibility with established theories and the feasibility of incorporation, and (c) its independent testability. A further comparison between the problem of dark matter and the problem of dark energy is also presented, explaining why in the latter case the situation is different, and modified gravity is still considered a viable possibility.