标题： 用于关节软骨研究的高级X射线技术：范围综述 显示英文标题

标题： Advanced X-rays techniques for research-oriented high-resolution imaging of articular cartilage: a scoping review

摘要： 关节软骨是一种以独特机械性能著称的骨骼肌肉软组织。 了解其分层结构及其组成成分之间的相互作用，可以揭示该组织的机械性能。 因此，基于高分辨率无损成像技术的流变学方法是理想的。 在这一背景下，X射线成像可以理想地完成这项任务。 然而，关节软骨的特性导致使用传统吸收模式时对比度较差。 为了克服这一限制，可以采用多种方法。 通过使用放射显影对比剂，可以提高关节软骨的X射线可见性。 因此，基于多能量采集或光子计数技术的光谱技术可以进一步区分结构。 另外，相位对比技术可以揭示传统方法通常无法检测到的细节。 基于组织固有的折射率降低的相位对比成像，可以通过不同的配置和实现方式来实现，包括不同的X射线源和光学元件。 此外，一些相位对比技术可以获取基于小角度散射的暗场信号，该信号与亚像素结构相关。 本概述性综述旨在按照PRISMA指南，列举这些先进X射线技术在关节软骨成像中的应用。 它讨论了它们的优点和局限性，并提供了对关节软骨流变学应用的概述。 显示英文摘要

摘要： Articular cartilage is a musculoskeletal soft tissue renowned for its unique mechanical properties. Understanding both its hierarchical structure and the interplay between its constituents could shed light on the mechanical competence of the tissue. Therefore, rheologic approaches based on high-resolution non-destructive imaging techniques are desired. In this context, X-ray imaging could ideally accomplish this task. Nevertheless, the nature of articular cartilage translates into poor contrast using conventional absorption modality. To overcome this limitation, several approaches can be embraced. X-ray visibility of articular cartilage can be increased with the use of radiopaque contrast agents. Therefore, further discrimination of structures could be provided by spectral techniques, pivoting on either multi-energy acquisitions or photon-counting technology. Alternatively, phase-contrast techniques unveil details typically undetected with conventional approaches. Phase-contrast imaging, based on the intrinsic decrement in the refractive index of the tissue, can be achieved with different configurations and implementations, including distinct X-ray sources and optical elements. Additionally, some phase-contrast techniques retrieve the small-angle scattering-based dark-field signal, relatable to sub-pixel structures. This scoping review aims to catalogue the application of these advanced X-ray techniques to articular cartilage imaging, following PRISMA guidelines. It discusses their advantages, limitations, and includes an overview of rheologic applications to articular cartilage.