标题： z = 9.625 宇宙宝石星系是一个由大质量星团推动的“致密蓝怪物” 显示英文标题

标题： The z = 9.625 Cosmic Gems Galaxy was a "Compact Blue Monster" Propelled by Massive Star Clusters

摘要： 最近在宇宙宝石中发现的五个大质量恒星团在z=9.625处引发了关于大爆炸后最初半吉年中恒星团形成机制的问题。我们通过归一化和积分恒星团质量函数（SCMF，dn(M)/dM ~ (n$_0$) $M^\beta$），推断出团中的总恒星质量，假设三种不同的斜率$\beta$ = -1.5，-2.0和-2.5以及不同的低质量限制在$10^2$ 和 $10^5$ 太阳质量之间。总积分团恒星质量与来自宇宙宝石反像的恒星质量进行比较，这提供了整个星系的最佳、适度放大（$\mu$ = 1.84$\pm$0.05）表示。 宇宙宝石星系的去透镜化恒星质量估计为3.5$_{-1.8}^{+3.3}$ x$10^7$ Msun，有效半径为Reff = 103$_{-15}^{+13}$ 秒差距，恒星表面质量密度为 $\Sigma$质量 = 520$_{-225}^{+340}$ Msun 秒差距$^{-2}$。 考虑归一化不确定性 - 包括弧的不同引力透镜放大情景 - 一种修改后的 SCMF，结合显著高的星团形成效率 （接近100%），似乎是一个必要的条件，以解释星团和反像相对较短的形成时间尺度，而不会超过星系的恒星质量。 通过外推爆发峰值处的物理特性，我们发现在其最近的过去（<~ 30 Myr）宇宙宝石星系可能经历了超过25 Gyr$^{-1}$的特定恒星形成率（sSFR），并且其光度接近“蓝色怪物”区域（M$_{UV}$ < -20）。我们的研究提供了关于早期星系中极端聚集恒星形成性质的见解，并揭示了可能以球状星团形式存活至z = 0、年龄超过13 Gyr的束缚恒星团的形成。 显示英文摘要

摘要： The recent discovery of five massive stellar clusters at z=9.625 in the Cosmic Gems has raised the question about the formation mechanism of star clusters in the first half Gyr after the Big-Bang. We infer the total stellar mass in clusters by normalizing and integrating the stellar cluster mass function (SCMF, dn(M)/dM ~ (n$_0$) $M^\beta$), assuming three different slopes $\beta$ = -1.5, -2.0 and -2.5 and different lower-mass limits between $10^2$ and $10^5$ Msun. The total integrated cluster stellar mass is compared to the stellar mass inferred from the counter-image of the Cosmic Gems, which provides the best, modestly magnified ($\mu$ = 1.84$\pm$0.05) representation of the entire galaxy. The delensed stellar mass of the Cosmic Gems galaxy is estimated as 3.5$_{-1.8}^{+3.3}$ x$10^7$ Msun, with an effective radius of Reff = 103$_{-15}^{+13}$ parsec and a stellar surface mass density of $\Sigma$mass = 520$_{-225}^{+340}$ Msun pc$^{-2}$. Accounting for normalization uncertainties - including different lensing magnification scenarios for the arc - a modified SCMF, combined with a significantly high star cluster formation efficiency (approaching 100%), appears to be a necessary condition to explain the relatively short formation timescale of both the star clusters and the counter-image, without exceeding the galaxy's stellar mass. By extrapolating the physical properties at the peak of the burst we find that in its recent past (<~ 30 Myr) the Cosmic Gems galaxy has likely experienced a specific star formation rate (sSFR) exceeding 25 Gyr$^{-1}$ and luminosity approaching the ``blue monster'' regime (M$_{UV}$ < -20). Our study provides insights into the extreme clustered nature of star formation in early galaxies and shed light into the formation of bound star clusters that might survive to z = 0 as globular clusters, older than 13 Gyr.