标题： 自复制与计算普遍性 显示英文标题

标题： Self-replication and Computational Universality

摘要： 自我复制是所有生命的核心，然而在物理的非平衡系统中，它如何动态出现仍然知之甚少。 冯·诺依曼在20世纪40年代的开创性工作以及随后的发展表明了一个自然假设：任何能够进行图灵通用计算的物理系统都可以支持自我复制的对象。 在这项工作中，我们通过澄清计算通用性对物理系统的含义，并构建一个图灵通用但无法维持非平凡自我复制的细胞自动机，来挑战这一假设。 类比生物学，这种动态表现出转录和翻译，但无法实现复制。 更广泛地说，我们的工作强调了将物理动力学与符号计算之间转换的计算复杂性与任何关于通用性的声明（以我们对规则110的分析为例）是不可分割的，并为识别自我复制行为建立了数学基础。 我们的方法使得可以制定物理系统构成生命体所需的动态和计算条件。 显示英文摘要

摘要： Self-replication is central to all life, and yet how it dynamically emerges in physical, non-equilibrium systems remains poorly understood. Von Neumann's pioneering work in the 1940s and subsequent developments suggest a natural hypothesis: that any physical system capable of Turing-universal computation can support self-replicating objects. In this work, we challenge this hypothesis by clarifying what computational universality means for physical systems and constructing a cellular automaton that is Turing-universal but cannot sustain non-trivial self-replication. By analogy with biology, such dynamics manifest transcription and translation but cannot instantiate replication. More broadly, our work emphasizes that the computational complexity of translating between physical dynamics and symbolic computation is inseparable from any claim of universality (exemplified by our analysis of Rule 110) and builds mathematical foundations for identifying self-replicating behavior. Our approach enables the formulation of necessary dynamical and computational conditions for a physical system to constitute a living organism.