标题： 中等质量黑洞 显示英文标题

标题： Intermediate-Mass Black Holes

摘要： 黑洞的数学简单性，加上它们与宇宙中一些最剧烈事件的联系，意味着黑洞是基础物理和天体物理学的关键研究对象。直到最近，人们普遍认为自然界中的黑洞大致分为两个质量范围：恒星级黑洞（约3到20倍太阳质量），由大质量恒星的核心坍缩形成；以及超大质量黑洞（百万到数十亿倍太阳质量），位于星系中心，其形成过程仍不确定。然而，在过去几年里，有证据表明存在一类中等质量黑洞，其质量为数百到数千倍太阳质量。如果这类黑洞确实存在，它们将对恒星团的动力学、超大质量黑洞的形成以及引力波的产生和探测具有重要意义。本文综述了中等质量黑洞存在的证据，并讨论了未来可能有助于澄清有关这些黑洞诸多未解问题的观测和理论研究工作。 显示英文摘要

摘要： The mathematical simplicity of black holes, combined with their links to some of the most energetic events in the universe, means that black holes are key objects for fundamental physics and astrophysics. Until recently, it was generally believed that black holes in nature appear in two broad mass ranges: stellar-mass (roughly 3-20 solar masses), which are produced by the core collapse of massive stars, and supermassive (millions to billions of solar masses), which are found in the centers of galaxies and are produced by a still uncertain combination of processes. In the last few years, however, evidence has accumulated for an intermediate-mass class of black holes, with hundreds to thousands of solar masses. If such objects exist they have important implications for the dynamics of stellar clusters, the formation of supermassive black holes, and the production and detection of gravitational waves. We review the evidence for intermediate-mass black holes and discuss future observational and theoretical work that will help clarify numerous outstanding questions about these objects.