标题： 从XMM-Newton观测到的星系团尺度及其红移演化 显示英文标题

标题： Cluster scaling and its redshift evolution from XMM-Newton

摘要： 我们综合了XMM-Newton对低红移和高红移的多个代表性星系群和星系团样本观测的结果。 这些结果证实了熵梯度作为解释观测到的尺度关系的一种解释。 我们观察到星系团熵有轻微的演化。 观测到的演化程度与固定过密区（500）相对于LCDM宇宙临界密度的激波加热预期一致。 研究压力尺度的演化对定义星系团的平均温度提出了严格要求。 尺度温度应与预期值一致，误差不超过10%。 一旦达到这种一致性，在LCDM宇宙中除了激波加热预测的压力演化外，未检测到额外的压力演化。 显示英文摘要

摘要： We put together the results of XMM-Newton observations of a number of representative group and cluster samples at low and high redshifts. These results confirm the entropy ramp as an explanation of the observed scaling relations. We observe a mild evolution in the entropy of clusters. The observed degree of evolution is consistent with expectations of the shock heating at a fixed overdensity (500) with respect to the critical density in LCDM. The study of the evolution in the pressure scaling imposes strong requirements in the definition of the average temperature of the cluster. The scaling temperature should be consistent to better than the 10% level. Once such a consistency is achieved, no additional evolution in the pressure has been detected in addition to the prediction of the shock heating in the LCDM Universe.