标题： 原行星盘间隙的观测特性 显示英文标题

标题： Observational Properties of Proto-planetary Disk Gaps

摘要： 我们研究了由嵌入的原行星引起的环状间隙对盘散射光图像和红外光谱能量分布的影响。我们发现，在散射光图像中，间隙外缘比无间隙盘中的类似位置更亮。原本会被间隙内的物质散射的恒星辐射，现在被间隙外缘的盘壁散射，从而在图像中产生一个环绕黑暗间隙的明亮环。只要分辨率足够高，这种间隙可以通过散射光图像中这一明亮环的存在而被探测到。盘中的间隙还会改变SED（光谱能量分布）的形状。原本会被间隙内物质吸收的辐射，现在被外侧的间隙壁重新处理。这导致SED在对应缺失间隙材料半径温度波长处的减少，并且在对应外壁温度的更长波长处相应增加通量。我们注意到，与盘内的内洞不同，环状间隙的存在不会改变总的红外波段的辐射通量；它只是将原来由间隙内物质产生的辐射重新分配到更长的波长上。这意味着对于SED的变化来说，与内洞相比，间隙的变化通常会更小。尽管仅根据SED很难区分间隙和其他物理效应的存在，但变化的程度可以足够大，以至于可以用当前的仪器（例如斯皮策望远镜）测量到。 显示英文摘要

摘要： We study the effects of an annular gap induced by an embedded proto-planet on disk scattered light images and the infrared spectral energy distribution. We find that the outer edge of a gap is brighter in the scattered light images than a similar location in a gap-free disk. The stellar radiation that would have been scattered by material within in the gap is instead scattered by the disk wall at the outer edge of the gap, producing a bright ring surrounding the dark gap in the images. Given sufficient resolution, such gaps can be detected by the presence of this bright ring in scattered light images. A gap in a disk also changes the shape of the SED. Radiation that would have been absorbed by material in the gap is instead reprocessed by the outer gap wall. This leads to a decrease in the SED at wavelengths corresponding to the temperature at the radius of the missing gap material and a corresponding flux increase at longer wavelengths corresponding to the temperature of the outer wall. We note that, unlike an inner hole in the disk, the presence of an annular gap does not change the bolometric IR flux; it simply redistributes the radiation, previously produced by material within the gap, to longer wavelengths. This implies that the changes in the SED generally will be smaller for gaps than holes. Although it will be difficult on the basis of the SED alone to distinguish between the presence of a gap and other physical effects, the level of changes can be sufficiently large to be measurable with current instruments (e.g., Spitzer).