标题： 宇宙恒星诞生和死亡率 显示英文标题

标题： The Cosmic Stellar Birth and Death Rates

摘要： 宇宙恒星诞生率可以通过标准天文学技术进行测量。 也可以通过宇宙恒星死亡率进行探测，尽管直到最近，这种方法的精度要低得多。 然而，最近基于测量的超新星速率的结果，以及重要的是，也基于相关的弥漫中微子和伽马射线通量的结果，已经变得具有竞争力，并且正在出现恒星诞生和死亡的一致历史。 来自所有过去核心坍缩超新星的中微子通量虽然很微弱，但在超级神冈探测器中实际上是可以探测到的，并且已经设定了一个有用的限制。 我将讨论这一通量的预测、中微子探测的前景、对理解核心坍缩超新星的意义，以及对I型超新星对弥漫伽马射线背景贡献的新限制。 显示英文摘要

摘要： The cosmic stellar birth rate can be measured by standard astronomical techniques. It can also be probed via the cosmic stellar death rate, though until recently, this was much less precise. However, recent results based on measured supernova rates, and importantly, also on the attendant diffuse fluxes of neutrinos and gamma rays, have become competitive, and a concordant history of stellar birth and death is emerging. The neutrino flux from all past core-collapse supernovae, while faint, is realistically within reach of detection in Super-Kamiokande, and a useful limit has already been set. I will discuss predictions for this flux, the prospects for neutrino detection, the implications for understanding core-collapse supernovae, and a new limit on the contribution of type-Ia supernovae to the diffuse gamma-ray background.