标题： 超高能宇宙射线的加速 显示英文标题

标题： Acceleration of Ultra High Energy Cosmic Rays

摘要： 一些宇宙射线加速的一般特征被总结，同时还包括关于超高能成分起源的一些推论。 超高能光度密度被发现与GeV宇宙射线的值相似，其斜率表明有独特的起源。 如果确认在小角度尺度上的聚类现象，将排除大多数提出的源模型。 更一般地说，认为最高能量粒子只能在能够产生电动势${\cal E}\go3\times10^{20}$V 和相关功率$L_{min} \go {\cal E}^2/Z\sim10^{39}$W 的场所被加速，其中$Z$是特征电抗，通常为$\lo100\Omega$。 激波加速、单极感应和磁暴是三种最有效的、观测到的加速机制，以及射电喷流终止激波、$\gamma$射线爆轰波、星系核中的休眠黑洞和磁星是这些机制最不牵强的“传统”表现形式，这些被用来解释超高能宇宙射线。 这些模型各自存在问题，决定这些模型与“奇特”起源（包括涉及新粒子或缺陷的）之间的选择，需要对能量、到达时间和方向的改进统计信息，这应由奥格项目提供。 显示英文摘要

摘要： Some general features of cosmic ray acceleration are summarized along with some inferences that can be drawn concerning the origin of the UHE component. The UHE luminosity density is found to be similar to that derived for GeV cosmic rays and its slope suggests a distinct origin. Reports of clustering on small angular scale, if confirmed, would rule out most proposed source models. More generally, it is argued that the highest energy particles can only be accelerated in sites that can induce an EMF ${\cal E}\go3\times10^{20}$ V and an associated power $L_{min} \go {\cal E}^2/Z\sim10^{39}$ W, where $Z$ is the characteristic, electrical impedance, typically $\lo100\Omega$. Shock acceleration, unipolar induction and magnetic flares are the three most potent, observed, acceleration mechanisms and radio jet termination shocks, $\gamma$-ray blast waves, dormant black holes in galactic nuclei and magnetars are the least implausible, ``conventional'' manifestations of these mechanisms that have been invoked to explain the UHE cosmic rays. Each of these models presents problems and deciding between these and ``exotic'' origins for UHE cosmic rays, including those involving new particles or defects will require improved statistical information on the energies, arrival times and directions, as should be provided by the Auger project.