标题： 我们宇宙的未来与起源：现代观点 显示英文标题

标题： Future and Origin of our Universe: Modern View

摘要： 一个正的且可能变化的Lambda项为我们的宇宙未来提供了比以往认为的更广阔的可能领域。 只有在有限（尽管非常大）的时间区间内才能做出明确的预测，这与其他科学分支类似。 特别是，只要Lambda项保持正值并且不衰变为其他形式的物质，即使宇宙是闭合的，我们的宇宙将继续膨胀。 讨论了由于恒定Lambda项存在而产生的两种新效应：对于足够接近的物体，红移变化的符号随时间反转，以及对我们来说，足够遥远的物体在宇宙中不可达。 列出了一些更遥远和推测性的宇宙未来演化的可能性，包括在膨胀阶段撞击时空奇点。 最后，在极其遥远的未来，由于各种量子引力效应，我们周围的一部分宇宙可能会变得超高曲率和超高密度。 这将我们带回过去，回到大约14Gy前我们的宇宙从超高密度状态起源的时候。 根据暴胀情景，这种状态几乎是最高度对称的（类似于de Sitter）。 尽管这一情景似乎足以解释当前宇宙可观测的特性，并且其预测已被观测证实，但初始de Sitter（暴胀）状态本身的起源问题仍然悬而未决。 讨论了一些关于我们宇宙起源的假设，从“从无到有”到“从有到有”等各种观点。 显示英文摘要

摘要： The existence of a positive and possibly varying Lambda-term opens a much wider field of possibilities for the future of our Universe than it was usually thought before. Definite predictions may be made for finite (though very large) intervals of time only, as well as in other branches of science. In particular, our Universe will continue to expand as far as the Lambda-term remains positive and does not decay to other forms of matter, even if the Universe is closed. Two new effects due to the presence of a constant Lambda-term are discussed: reversal of a sign of the redshift change with time for sufficiently close objects and inaccessibility of sufficiently distant objects in the Universe for us. A number of more distant and speculative possibilities for the future evolution of the Universe is listed including hitting a space-time singularity during an expansion phase. Finally, in fantastically remote future, a part of our Universe surrounding us can become supercurved and superdense due to various quantum-gravitational effects. This returns us to the past, to the origin of our Universe from a superdense state about 14 Gy ago. According to the inflationary scenario, this state was almost maximally symmetric (de Sitter-like). Though this scenario seems to be sufficient for the explanation of observable properties of the present Universe, and its predictions have been confirmed by observations, the question of the origin of the initial de Sitter (inflationary) state itself remains open. A number of conjectures regarding the very origin of our Universe, ranging from "creation from nothing" to "creation from anything", are discussed.