标题： 宇宙爆炸：第十届马里兰天体物理学会议报告人总结 显示英文标题

标题： Cosmic Explosions: Rapporteur Summary of the 10th Maryland Astrophysics Conference

摘要： 这次会议涵盖了从太阳耀斑到伽马射线暴的各种宇宙爆炸。 一个共同的主题是旋转和磁场的作用。 正在进行严格的检查以表征可能改变Ia型超新星结果的系统效应，这些结果表明宇宙正在加速膨胀。 CXO发现的Cas A中的X射线发射中心点应该能为一般的核心坍缩问题以及特别是SN 1987A中尚未探测到的致密遗迹的本质提供新的见解。 从原恒星到微类星体再到耀变体再到伽马射线暴，描述了喷流现象。 核心坍缩超新星的偏振研究得出结论，核心坍缩不仅仅是不对称的，而是强烈的双极性。 为了说明正常的核心坍缩超新星，爆炸在常规情况下必须是喷流状的，即在中子星形成时，而不仅仅是黑洞。 鉴于观察到的不对称性，基于球对称模型的能量爆炸估计必须谨慎对待。 至少有一些伽马射线暴起源于大质量恒星的可能性很大，这意味着不能再将伽马射线暴和余辉模型与“机器”的考虑分开。 伽马射线暴与恒星形成和大质量恒星的相关性以及喷流的证据并不能区分黑洞坍缩模型和基于磁星诞生的模型。 至少一个余辉的量热法表明伽马射线暴不可能涉及高度无效的内部冲击模型。 几乎所有伽马射线暴模型都涉及到“布莱福德焦虑”，即相关相对论冲击中接近等分的磁场起源。 显示英文摘要

摘要： This meeting covered the range of cosmic explosions from solar flares to gamma-ray bursts. A common theme is the role of rotation and magnetic fields. A rigorous examination is underway to characterize systematic effects that might alter the Type Ia supernova results suggesting an accelerating Universe. The discovery of the central point of X-ray emission in Cas A by CXO should give new insight into the core collapse problem in general and the nature of the still undetected compact remnant in SN 1987A in particular. Jets were described from protostars to microquasars to blazars to gamma-ray bursts. Polarization studies of core-collapse supernovae lead to the conclusion that core collapse is not merely asymmetric, but strongly bi-polar. To account for normal core-collapse supernovae, the explosion must be jet-like in routine circumstances, that is, in the formation of neutron stars, not only for black holes. Given the observed asymmetries, estimates of explosion energies based on spherically-symmetric models must be regarded with caution. The strong possibility that at least some gamma-ray bursts arise from massive stars means that it is no longer possible to decouple models of the gamma-ray burst and afterglow from considerations of the "machine." The implied correlation of gamma-ray bursts with star formation and massive stars and evidence for jets does not distinguish a black hole collapsar model from models based on the birth of a magnetar. Calorimetry of at least one afterglow suggests that gamma-ray bursts cannot involve highly inefficient internal shock models. Essentally all gamma-ray burst models involve the "Blandford Anxiety," the origin of nearly equipartition magnetic fields in the associated relativistic shocks.