标题： 引力坍缩中的临界现象 - 生存评论 显示英文标题

标题： Critical phenomena in gravitational collapse - Living Reviews

摘要： 正如Choptuik最初发现的那样，广义相对论初始数据空间中的黑洞阈值表现出令人惊讶的结构和简单的特性。 普适性、黑洞质量的幂律缩放以及尺度回声导致了“临界现象”这一术语。 它们是由于在黑洞阈值内存在精确解，这些解是吸引子，即相空间中一维编码的吸引子，并且通常是自相似的。 本综述介绍了这些现象，试图总结所发生的基本特征，然后展示了这一基本场景的扩展和应用。 临界现象特别引人关注，因为它们能够从简单的方程中产生令人惊讶的结构，并且能够为宇宙审查假说和广义相对论的一般动力学提供启示。 显示英文摘要

摘要： As first discovered by Choptuik, the black hole threshold in the space of initial data for general relativity shows both surprising structure and surprising simplicity. Universality, power-law scaling of the black hole mass, and scale echoing have given rise to the term ``critical phenomena''. They are explained by the existence of exact solutions which are attractors within the black hole threshold, that is, attractors of codimension one in phase space, and which are typically self-similar. This review gives an introduction to the phenomena, tries to summarize the essential features of what is happening, and then presents extensions and applications of this basic scenario. Critical phenomena are of interest particularly for creating surprising structure from simple equations, and for the light they throw on cosmic censorship and the generic dynamics of general relativity.