标题： 洛伦兹不变性破坏与电荷（非）守恒：麦克斯韦方程组扩展的一般理论框架 显示英文标题

标题： Lorentz invariance violation and charge (non--)conservation: A general theoretical frame for extensions of the Maxwell equations

摘要： 所有量子引力方法都会导致标准物理定律的小幅修改，这些修改会导致洛伦兹不变性的破坏。 一个具体的例子是扩展的标准模型（SME）。 在这里，提出了一种用于麦克斯韦方程组扩展的一般现象学方法，该方法比SME更普遍，并且也涵盖了电荷不守恒（CNC）。 新的破坏洛伦兹不变性的项无法通过光学实验进行探测，而是需要探索点电荷或磁偶极子产生的电磁场。 一些标量-张量理论和高维膜理论在四维空间中预测了CNC，一些违反狭义相对论的模型已被证明与CNC有关，并且其与爱因斯坦等效原理的关系也已进行了讨论。 由于这种日益增长的兴趣，回顾了电荷守恒的实验状态。 到目前为止，似乎不存在对电荷守恒的独特测试。 CNC与偏振的进动、$1/r$-库仑势的修改以及精细结构常数的时间依赖性有关。 这为专门寻找CNC提供了机会。 显示英文摘要

摘要： All quantum gravity approaches lead to small modifications in the standard laws of physics which lead to violations of Lorentz invariance. One particular example is the extended standard model (SME). Here, a general phenomenological approach for extensions of the Maxwell equations is presented which turns out to be more general than the SME and which covers charge non--conservation (CNC), too. The new Lorentz invariance violating terms cannot be probed by optical experiments but need, instead, the exploration of the electromagnetic field created by a point charge or a magnetic dipole. Some scalar--tensor theories and higher dimensional brane theories predict CNC in four dimensions and some models violating Special Relativity have been shown to be connected with CNC and its relation to the Einstein Equivalence Principle has been discussed. Due to this upcoming interest, the experimental status of electric charge conservation is reviewed. Up to now there seem to exist no unique tests of charge conservation. CNC is related to the precession of polarization, to a modification of the $1/r$--Coulomb potential, and to a time-dependence of the fine structure constant. This gives the opportunity to describe a dedicated search for CNC.