标题： 高能核碰撞中的Glauber模型 显示英文标题

标题： Glauber Modeling in High Energy Nuclear Collisions

摘要： 这是对相对论重离子物理中所谓的“Glauber模型”的理论背景、实验技术和现象学的综述。 该模型用于计算“几何”量，通常表示为碰撞参数(b)、参与核子数(N_part)和二元核子-核子碰撞数(N_coll)。 介绍了原始Glauber模型的简要历史，并重点阐述了其发展成为目前数据分析中使用的纯经典几何图景的过程。 区分了“光学极限”方法和蒙特卡罗方法，这两种方法虽然常被互换使用，但在某些特定情况下存在一些本质差异。 比较和对比了四个RHIC实验使用的的方法，尽管各种几何可观测量的最终结果令人放心地相似。 最后，强调了几项重要的RHIC测量，这些测量依赖于从Glauber计算中估计的几何量，以从实验可观测量中获得见解。 简要讨论了Glauber建模在下一代重离子物理研究中的现状和未来。 显示英文摘要

摘要： This is a review of the theoretical background, experimental techniques, and phenomenology of what is called the "Glauber Model" in relativistic heavy ion physics. This model is used to calculate "geometric" quantities, which are typically expressed as impact parameter (b), number of participating nucleons (N_part) and number of binary nucleon-nucleon collisions (N_coll). A brief history of the original Glauber model is presented, with emphasis on its development into the purely classical, geometric picture that is used for present-day data analyses. Distinctions are made between the "optical limit" and Monte Carlo approaches, which are often used interchangably but have some essential differences in particular contexts. The methods used by the four RHIC experiments are compared and contrasted, although the end results are reassuringly similar for the various geometric observables. Finally, several important RHIC measurements are highlighted that rely on geometric quantities, estimated from Glauber calculations, to draw insight from experimental observables. The status and future of Glauber modeling in the next generation of heavy ion physics studies is briefly discussed.