应用物理
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- [1] arXiv:2509.05636 [中文pdf, pdf, 其他]
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标题： 一种具有1.5倍输入范围的10位SAR ADC标题： A 10-bit SAR ADC with 1.5x Input Range主题： 应用物理 (physics.app-ph)
本文提出了一种差分10位2 MS/s逐次逼近寄存器(SAR)模数转换器(ADC)，采用了一种提高精度的技术。所提出的方法通过扩展有效输入范围，打破了电容数字-模拟转换器(CDAC)单元与SAR ADC分辨率之间的直接权衡，从而提高了有效位数(ENOB)。具体而言，该技术通过在采样阶段切换MSB电容器的电位来实现。理论上，它能够实现超过0.5位的精度提升。在该设计中，使用了512个电容器单元和参考电压VREF，实现了±1.5VREF的扩展输入范围和等效10.5位的分辨率。在180nm CMOS工艺中制造的原型芯片在后仿真中展示了10.36位的ENOB，在1.8V供电下以2 MS/s采样率消耗48{\mu }W的功耗，面积为0.79mm2。
This paper presents a differential 10-bit 2 MS/s successive approximation register (SAR) analog-to-digital converter (ADC) with a precision-improvement technique. The proposed method breaks the direct tradeoff between the capacitive digital-to-analog converter (CDAC) units and the resolution of SAR ADCs by extending the effective input range, thereby enhancing the effective number of bits (ENOB). Specifically, the technique is implemented by switching the potential of the MSB capacitors during the sampling phase. Theoretically, it enables a precision improvement of more than 0.5-bit. In this design, 512 capacitor units and a reference voltage VREF are employed, achieving an extended input range of +-1.5VREF and an equivalent resolution of 10.5-bit. Fabricated in a 180-nm CMOS process, the prototype chip demonstrates 10.36-bit ENOB in post-simulation, while consuming 48{\mu}W at a sampling rate of 2 MS/s under a 1.8-V supply, with an area of 0.79mm2.
- [2] arXiv:2509.06029 [中文pdf, pdf, html, 其他]
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标题： 折叠时间光栅中时间伍德异常的观察：表面波增强的传输以及增益的出现标题： Observation of temporal Wood's anomaly in folded time gratings: surface-wave-enhanced transmission and the emergence of gain主题： 应用物理 (physics.app-ph) ; 光学 (physics.optics)
伍德异常是一种基本的波现象，源于远场和表面波（SW）共振通过结构界面的相互作用。 最近的理论建议通过时间周期性界面进行频率转换，而不是通过空间周期性光栅进行经典波矢（动量）转换，从而实现此类SW耦合过程的时间类比。 在本文中，我们通过设计一个折叠的时间光栅，该光栅由单个、波导封闭的时间调制元件构成；这显著降低了复杂度和功耗，并促进了透射操作。 我们通过推导一个全面的弗洛凯-布洛赫分析来支持我们的发现，该分析与测量结果有很好的一致性。 重要的是，我们利用我们的框架和实验揭示了一种独特的时域伍德异常区域，在该区域中，对负SW频率的耦合表现出传统空间调制无法实现的可调参数放大。 除了基础贡献外，我们的结果提供了一种经济的方法，用于普遍合成复杂的时域孔径，以增强动态滤波和漏波天线。
Wood's anomaly is a fundamental wave phenomenon that stems from the interplay between farfields and surface-wave (SW) resonances through structured interfaces. Recent theories have suggested temporal analogs of such SW coupling processes by employing frequency transitions via time-periodic interfaces, rather than classical wavevector (momentum) transitions via space-periodic gratings. In this paper, we observe this phenomenon experimentally by devising a folded time grating of a single, waveguide-enclosed, time-modulated element; this substantially reduces complexity and power consumption and facilitates transmissive operation. We support our findings by deriving a comprehensive Floquet-Bloch analysis that exhibits excellent agreement with measurements. Importantly, we utilize our framework and experiment to reveal a unique regime of temporal Wood's anomaly, in which coupling to negative SW frequencies manifests tunable parametric amplification unattainable via traditional spatial modulation. Beyond the fundamental contribution, our results provide an economical path for universally synthesizing intricate temporal apertures to enhance dynamic filtering and leaky-wave antennas.
- [3] arXiv:2509.06621 [中文pdf, pdf, html, 其他]
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标题： 筛选电流增加超高场REBCO磁体中热失稳传播速度标题： Screening currents increase thermal quench propagation speed in ultra-high-field REBCO magnets主题： 应用物理 (physics.app-ph)
超导REBCO（$RE$Ba$_2$Cu$_3$O$_{7-x}$，其中$RE$是一种稀土元素，通常是Y、Gd或Eu）电磁铁在许多应用中很有用，如医疗磁共振成像（MRI）、核磁共振（NMR）光谱学以及粒子加速器和探测器的磁铁。 REBCO磁铁也是许多核聚变能源初创公司的核心。 为了避免运行期间造成永久性损坏，磁铁设计需要考虑电热淬火，这是由于不可避免的REBCO带材或磁铁缺陷所致。 然而，大多数高场磁铁设计并未考虑超导屏蔽电流。 在本工作中，我们表明在磁铁设计中考虑屏蔽电流是至关重要的，因为它们会显著加快电热淬火的传播。 我们的研究基于详细的数值建模，基于最小电磁熵产生（MEMEP）和有限差分（MEMEP-FD）。 与已建立的部分元件等效电路（PEEC）模型进行基准测试支持了MEMEP-FD的正确性。 本工作聚焦于一个32 T全超导磁铁设计，并详细分析了电热淬火的时间演化。 我们的发现将对NMR或用户设施的超高场磁铁设计产生影响，并可能对其他类型的磁铁，如聚变能源磁铁产生影响。
Superconducting REBCO ($RE$Ba$_2$Cu$_3$O$_{7-x}$, where $RE$ is a rare earth, typically Y, Gd or Eu) electromagnets are useful for many applications like medical magnetic resonace imaging (MRI), nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy, and magnets for particle accelerators and detectors. REBCO magnets are also the core of many nuclear fusion energy start-ups. In order to avoid permanent damage during operation, magnet design needs to take electro-thermal quench into account, which is due to unavoidable REBCO tape or magnet imperfections. However, most high-field magnet designs do not take superconducting screening currents into account. In this work, we show that it is essential to consider screening currents in magnet design, since they highly speed-up electrothermal quench propagation. Our study is based on detailed numerical modeling, based on the Minimum Electromagnetic Entropy Production (MEMEP) and Finite Differences (MEMEP-FD). Benchmarking with well-established Partial Element Equivalent Circuit (PEEC) model supports the correctness of MEMEP-FD. This work focusses on a 32 T all-superconducting magnet design and we analyze in detail the time evolution of electrothermal quench. Our findings will have an impact in the design of ultra-high-field magnets for NMR or user facilities, and possibly for other kinds of magnets, like those for fusion energy.
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- [4] arXiv:2504.21346 (交叉列表自 quant-ph) [中文pdf, pdf, html, 其他]
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标题： 微波激活的固定频率超导量子比特高保真三量子比特门方案标题： A microwave-activated high-fidelity three-qubit gate scheme for fixed-frequency superconducting qubits评论： 12页，8图主题： 量子物理 (quant-ph)
可扩展的超导量子处理器需要在退相干、控制复杂性和频谱拥挤之间取得平衡。 固定频率架构通过全微波操作抑制通量噪声并简化控制，但仍然受到剩余ZZ串扰的限制。 在此，我们提出一种用于大失谐区域（$|\Delta| \gg g$）中固定频率的transmon量子比特的微波激活三量子比特门协议，利用三阶非线性相互作用来相干地交换$|001\rangle \leftrightarrow |110\rangle$状态。 通过结合相位补偿优化协议，数值模拟表明平均门保真度超过$99.9\%$。 系统误差分析确定静态远距离ZZ耦合是多量子比特系统中的主要误差源，可以通过在大失谐区域（$\sim 1$GHz）的操作进行抑制。 这种方法同时提高了门保真度并保持了频谱隔离，确保与现有的全微波控制-Z门框架兼容。 该协议对制造引起的量子比特参数变化具有内在鲁棒性。 这种硬件高效的策略通过提高退相干特性、减少频谱拥挤以及扩展噪声中间尺度量子时代的容错量子操作实验工具包，推动了可扩展量子计算系统的进展。
Scalable superconducting quantum processors require balancing critical constraints in coherence, control complexity, and spectral crowding. Fixed-frequency architectures suppress flux noise and simplify control via all-microwave operations but remain limited by residual ZZ crosstalk. Here we propose a microwave-activated three-qubit gate protocol for fixed-frequency transmon qubits in the large-detuning regime ($|\Delta| \gg g$), leveraging the third-order nonlinear interaction to coherently exchange $|001\rangle \leftrightarrow |110\rangle$ states. By incorporating a phase-compensated optimization protocol, numerical simulations demonstrate a high average gate fidelity exceeding $99.9\%$. Systematic error analysis identifies static long-range ZZ coupling as the dominant error source in multi-qubit systems, which can be suppressed via operations in the large-detuning regime ($\sim 1$ GHz). This approach simultaneously enhances gate fidelity while preserving spectral isolation, ensuring compatibility with existing all-microwave controlled-Z gate frameworks. The protocol exhibits intrinsic robustness to fabrication-induced qubit parameter variations. This hardware-efficient strategy advances scalable quantum computing systems by improving coherence properties, reducing spectral congestion, and expanding the experimental toolkit for error-resilient quantum operations in the noisy intermediate-scale quantum era.
- [5] arXiv:2509.05455 (交叉列表自 quant-ph) [中文pdf, pdf, html, 其他]
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标题： 室温下使用范德华异质结在1550 nm波长的单光子探测标题： Room Temperature Single Photon Detection at 1550 nm using van der Waals Heterojunction期刊参考： 先进功能材料，34，2406510，2024主题： 量子物理 (quant-ph) ; 中尺度与纳米尺度物理 (cond-mat.mes-hall) ; 材料科学 (cond-mat.mtrl-sci) ; 应用物理 (physics.app-ph) ; 仪器与探测器 (physics.ins-det)
单光子探测器（SPDs）在从太空、生物成像到量子通信和信息处理的应用中至关重要。 在室温下工作的SPDs特别受到广泛关注，因为可以避免低温冷却引入的能量开销。 尽管基于硅的单光子雪崩二极管（SPADs）技术已经很成熟，并且可以在室温下工作，但禁带限制使其无法在电信波长（1550 nm）及更长波长下工作。 另一方面，基于InGaAs的SPADs对1550 nm光子敏感，但存在相对较低的效率、较高的暗计数率、后脉冲概率，并且在制造过程中会对环境造成危害。 在本工作中，我们展示了如何利用纳米材料的特性来解决这些挑战，并实现一个能够在1550 nm波长下工作的室温单光子探测器。 我们通过将低禁带（$\sim 350~meV$）吸收层（黑磷）与一种能够检测离散电子波动的敏感范德华探针耦合来实现这一点。 我们优化了器件以在$1550~nm$下工作，并展示了总体量子效率为$21.4\%$（偏振光下估计为$42.8\%$），并在室温下实现了最低的暗计数为$\sim 720~Hz$。
Single-photon detectors (SPDs) are crucial in applications ranging from space, biological imaging to quantum communication and information processing. The SPDs that operate at room temperature are of particular interest to broader application space as the energy overhead introduced by the cryogenic cooling can be avoided. Although silicon-based single photon avalanche diodes (SPADs) are well matured and operate at room temperature, the bandgap limitation restricts their operation at telecommunication wavelength (1550 nm) and beyond. InGaAs-based SPADs, on the other hand, are sensitive to 1550 nm photons, but suffer from relatively lower efficiency, high dark count rate, afterpulsing probability, and pose hazards to the environment from the fabrication process. In this work, we demonstrate how we can leverage the properties of nanomaterials to address these challenges and realise a room temperature single-photon detector capable of operating at 1550 nm. We achieve this by coupling a low bandgap ($\sim 350~meV$) absorber (black phosphorus) to a sensitive van der Waals probe that is capable of detecting discrete electron fluctuation. We optimize the device for operation at $1550~nm$ and demonstrate an overall quantum efficiency of $21.4\%$ (estimated as $42.8\%$ for polarized light), and a minimum dark count of $\sim 720~Hz$ at room temperature.
- [6] arXiv:2509.05727 (交叉列表自 physics.optics) [中文pdf, pdf, html, 其他]
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标题： 经典和量子光学斯kyrmions在大气湍流中的拓扑鲁棒性标题： Topological robustness of classical and quantum optical skyrmions in atmospheric turbulenceZhenyu Guo, Cade Peters, Nilo Mata-Cervera, Anton Vetlugin, Ruixiang Guo, Pei Zhang, Andrew Forbes, Yijie Shen评论： 17页，6图主题： 光学 (physics.optics) ; 应用物理 (physics.app-ph) ; 量子物理 (quant-ph)
由复杂介质引起的经典和量子结构光的退化构成了其在通信、能量传输、成像和传感等应用中的实际实现的关键障碍。大气湍流是一个典型的例子，由于其复杂的相位结构和动态变化，推动了寻找光中不变性的需求。在这里，我们构建了经典和量子光学的斯格明子，并将它们通过实验模拟的大气湍流，揭示了其结构中嵌入的拓扑鲁棒性。在量子领域，我们展示了虽然斯格明子的纠缠程度降低，但其拓扑特性保持稳定。这在经典层面得到了平行验证，其中矢量结构被介质打乱，但斯格明子由于其内在的拓扑保护机制而保持稳定。我们的实验结果得到了严格的分析和数值建模的支持，验证了量子-经典拓扑行为等价性是由于状态的不可分性和信道的一侧性。我们的工作模糊了拓扑学中的经典-量子界限，并为在噪声信道（如地面和卫星到地面通信网络）中的信息鲁棒性开辟了一条新路径。
The degradation of classical and quantum structured light induced by complex media constitutes a critical barrier to its practical implementation in a range of applications, from communication and energy transport to imaging and sensing. Atmospheric turbulence is an exemplary case due to its complex phase structure and dynamic variations, driving the need to find invariances in light. Here we construct classical and quantum optical skyrmions and pass them through experimentally simulated atmospheric turbulence, revealing the embedded topological resilience of their structure. In the quantum realm, we show that while skyrmions undergo diminished entanglement, their topological characteristics maintain stable. This is paralleled classically, where the vectorial structure is scrambled by the medium yet the skyrmion remains stable by virtue of its intrinsic topological protection mechanism. Our experimental results are supported by rigorous analytical and numerical modelling, validating that the quantum-classical equivalence of the topological behaviour is due to the non-separability of the states and one-sided nature of the channel. Our work blurs the classical-quantum divide in the context of topology and opens a new path to information resilience in noisy channels, such as terrestrial and satellite-to-ground communication networks.
- [7] arXiv:2509.05926 (交叉列表自 physics.optics) [中文pdf, pdf, html, 其他]
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标题： 用于超分辨率到达方向估计的衍射元神经网络元训练标题： Meta-training of diffractive meta-neural networks for super-resolution direction of arrival estimation评论： 47页，17图主题： 光学 (physics.optics) ; 人工智能 (cs.AI) ; 应用物理 (physics.app-ph)
衍射神经网络利用电磁(EM)场的高维特性进行高通量计算。 然而，现有架构在将大规模多维超表面与精确的网络训练集成方面面临挑战，并未利用多维EM场编码方案进行超分辨率传感。 在此，我们提出了衍射超表面神经网络(DMNN)，通过超表面实现精确的EM场调制，能够进行多维复用和编码，用于多任务学习和高通量到达方向估计。 DMNN集成了预训练的小型超表面网络，以表征不同极化和频率下超原子的幅度和相位响应，结构参数通过基于梯度的超表面训练反向设计。 对于宽场超分辨率角度估计，系统通过x和y偏振通道同时解析方位角和仰角，而频分复用角度区间的交织生成光谱编码的光学超振荡，以实现全角度高分辨率估计。 后处理轻量级电子神经网络进一步提高了性能。 实验结果表明，一个在27 GHz、29 GHz和31 GHz工作的三层DMNN实现了$\sim7\times$瑞利衍射极限角度分辨率(0.5$^\circ$)，在$\pm 11.5^\circ$视场内两个非相干目标的平均绝对误差为0.048$^\circ$，角度估计吞吐量比现有方法高一个数量级(1917)。 所提出的架构通过利用固有的高并行性和全光编码方法，推进了高维光子计算系统，在超高分辨率、高吞吐量应用中表现出色。
Diffractive neural networks leverage the high-dimensional characteristics of electromagnetic (EM) fields for high-throughput computing. However, the existing architectures face challenges in integrating large-scale multidimensional metasurfaces with precise network training and haven't utilized multidimensional EM field coding scheme for super-resolution sensing. Here, we propose diffractive meta-neural networks (DMNNs) for accurate EM field modulation through metasurfaces, which enable multidimensional multiplexing and coding for multi-task learning and high-throughput super-resolution direction of arrival estimation. DMNN integrates pre-trained mini-metanets to characterize the amplitude and phase responses of meta-atoms across different polarizations and frequencies, with structure parameters inversely designed using the gradient-based meta-training. For wide-field super-resolution angle estimation, the system simultaneously resolves azimuthal and elevational angles through x and y-polarization channels, while the interleaving of frequency-multiplexed angular intervals generates spectral-encoded optical super-oscillations to achieve full-angle high-resolution estimation. Post-processing lightweight electronic neural networks further enhance the performance. Experimental results validate that a three-layer DMNN operating at 27 GHz, 29 GHz, and 31 GHz achieves $\sim7\times$ Rayleigh diffraction-limited angular resolution (0.5$^\circ$), a mean absolute error of 0.048$^\circ$ for two incoherent targets within a $\pm 11.5^\circ$ field of view, and an angular estimation throughput an order of magnitude higher (1917) than that of existing methods. The proposed architecture advances high-dimensional photonic computing systems by utilizing inherent high-parallelism and all-optical coding methods for ultra-high-resolution, high-throughput applications.
- [8] arXiv:2509.05974 (交叉列表自 physics.soc-ph) [中文pdf, pdf, html, 其他]
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标题： 中国空气污染长程链接的起源标题： The origin of long-range links of air pollution in China评论： 7页，4图主题： 物理与社会 (physics.soc-ph) ; 应用物理 (physics.app-ph)
天气条件显著影响污染变化的形成和扩散。 在这里，我们研究了污染网络以及气候网络，并发现污染物不仅可能对其源附近的区域产生影响，还与数千公里外的污染物浓度表现出显著的相关性。 我们开发了一个基于中国不同地点PM2.5浓度时间序列之间交叉相关性的污染网络模型，以检测过去十年中稳定的远距离联系。 对500 hPa位势高度和PM2.5浓度的多网络分析表明，PM2.5水平的远距离相关性也受到天气活动的影响。
Weather conditions significantly influence the formation and dispersion of pollution variations. Here we study networks of pollution as well as climate networks and find that pollutants may not only have an impact close to their source but also show a significant correlation with pollutant concentrations thousands of kilometers away. We develop a pollution network model based on cross-correlation between PM2.5 concentration time series in different sites in China to detect stable long-range links during the last ten years. A multi-network analysis of the 500 hPa geopotential height and PM2.5 concentration suggests that long-range correlations in PM2.5 levels are also influenced by synoptic activity.
- [9] arXiv:2509.06227 (交叉列表自 physics.ao-ph) [中文pdf, pdf, 其他]
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标题： CNN集成结果的蒸馏用于ENSO现象的增强长期预测标题： Distillation of CNN Ensemble Results for Enhanced Long-Term Prediction of the ENSO Phenomenon评论： 20页，7图主题： 大气与海洋物理 (physics.ao-ph) ; 人工智能 (cs.AI) ; 计算工程、金融与科学 (cs.CE) ; 应用物理 (physics.app-ph)
准确的厄尔尼诺-南方涛动（ENSO）长期预测仍然是气候科学中最大的挑战之一。 虽然利用深度学习、统计动力混合方法等进步，短中期性能已显著提高，但大多数业务系统仍然使用所有集合成员的简单平均值，隐含地假设各成员技能相同。 在本研究中，我们通过严格的事后评估表明，对于任何足够大的ENSO预测集合，都存在一个技能明显高于集合平均值的成员子集。 使用与1986-2017年观测的Nino3.4指数交叉验证的最先进的ENSO预测系统，我们确定了两个Top-5子集，一个根据最低均方根误差（RMSE）排序，另一个根据最高皮尔逊相关性排序。 总体而言，所有领先时间的这些优秀成员表现出更高的相关性和更低的RMSE，且优势随着领先时间的增加而显著上升。 尽管在短期领先时间（1个月）将平均相关性提高了约+0.02（+1.7%），并将RMSE降低了约0.14 {\deg }C 或减少了23.3%，但在极端领先时间（23个月）相关性提高了+0.43（+172%），RMSE增加了0.18 {\deg }C 或减少了22.5%。 在关键的ENSO转换时期，如SON和DJF期间，增强效果最大，此时准确的振幅和相位预测具有最大的社会经济效益，并且此外季节依赖性显著，例如年中月份如JJA和MJJ的RMSE减少非常大。 本研究为进一步研究识别检测高质量集合成员的可靠线索提供了坚实的基础，从而提高预测技能。
The accurate long-term forecasting of the El Nino Southern Oscillation (ENSO) is still one of the biggest challenges in climate science. While it is true that short-to medium-range performance has been improved significantly using the advances in deep learning, statistical dynamical hybrids, most operational systems still use the simple mean of all ensemble members, implicitly assuming equal skill across members. In this study, we demonstrate, through a strictly a-posteriori evaluation , for any large enough ensemble of ENSO forecasts, there is a subset of members whose skill is substantially higher than that of the ensemble mean. Using a state-of-the-art ENSO forecast system cross-validated against the 1986-2017 observed Nino3.4 index, we identify two Top-5 subsets one ranked on lowest Root Mean Square Error (RMSE) and another on highest Pearson correlation. Generally across all leads, these outstanding members show higher correlation and lower RMSE, with the advantage rising enormously with lead time. Whereas at short leads (1 month) raises the mean correlation by about +0.02 (+1.7%) and lowers the RMSE by around 0.14 {\deg}C or by 23.3% compared to the All-40 mean, at extreme leads (23 months) the correlation is raised by +0.43 (+172%) and RMSE by 0.18 {\deg}C or by 22.5% decrease. The enhancements are largest during crucial ENSO transition periods such as SON and DJF, when accurate amplitude and phase forecasting is of greatest socio-economic benefit, and furthermore season-dependent e.g., mid-year months such as JJA and MJJ have incredibly large RMSE reductions. This study provides a solid foundation for further investigations to identify reliable clues for detecting high-quality ensemble members, thereby enhancing forecasting skill.
交叉提交 (展示 6 之 6 条目 )
- [10] arXiv:2508.11638 (替换) [中文pdf, pdf, 其他]
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标题： 铜铟镓硒薄膜钙钛矿光伏技术的启示标题： Lessons from Chalcopyrites for Scaling Thin Film Perovskite Photovoltaic Technology主题： 应用物理 (physics.app-ph) ; 材料科学 (cond-mat.mtrl-sci)
对轻量化、柔性且能无缝集成到各种应用中的光伏(PV)技术日益增长的需求，推动了薄膜太阳能电池的兴趣。 其中，Cu(In,Ga)(S,Se)2 (CIGS)和金属卤化物钙钛矿分别在过去和现在引起了广泛关注。 虽然CIGS经过数十年的改进后达到了商业成熟度，但其大规模部署受到制造复杂性、扩大规模的挑战以及材料、器件设计和生产系统之间缺乏协调的阻碍。 尽管钙钛矿太阳能电池以空前的速度创造了记录效率，但它们在商业化道路上现在面临类似的挑战：确保长期稳定性，将实验室性能转化为可扩展的结构，并与工业现实相适应。 在本文中，我们重新审视CIGS的经验，不是作为基准，而是作为蓝图，强调其成功和失败如何为钙钛矿光伏提供更审慎和持久的发展轨迹。 将这一历史视角与当前前沿相结合，我们认为钙钛矿的未来不仅取决于持续的创新，还取决于从过去的薄膜PV经验中学习，以避免重复其错误。
The growing demand for photovoltaic (PV) technologies that are lightweight, flexible, and seamlessly integrated into diverse applications has propelled interest in thin-film solar cells. Among these, Cu(In,Ga)(S,Se)2 (CIGS) and metal halide perovskites have garnered significant attention in the past and present, respectively. While CIGS reached commercial readiness after decades of refinement, their large-scale deployment was hindered by manufacturing complexity, scale-up challenges, and a lack of coordination between materials, device design, and production systems. Perovskite solar cells, despite setting record efficiencies at an unprecedented pace, now face similar challenges on their path to commercialization: ensuring long-term stability, translating laboratory performance to scalable architectures, and aligning with industrial realities. In this perspective, we revisit the CIGS experience not as a benchmark, but as a blueprint, highlighting how its successes and failures can inform a more deliberate and durable trajectory for perovskite PV. Bridging this historical perspective with the current frontier, we propose that the future of perovskites depends not only on continued innovation, but on learning from past thin-film PV experience to avoid its repetition.
- [11] arXiv:2502.18442 (替换) [中文pdf, pdf, html, 其他]
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标题： 基于卷积神经网络的阱中库仑晶体化激光冷却离子的计数和温度测定标题： Ion counting and temperature determination of Coulomb-crystallized laser-cooled ions in traps using convolutional neural networks期刊参考： 物理评论应用 24, 034013 (2025)主题： 原子物理 (physics.atom-ph) ; 应用物理 (physics.app-ph) ; 化学物理 (physics.chem-ph) ; 量子物理 (quant-ph)
库仑晶体——在离子阱中被限制的冷离子的有序结构——在多个研究领域有应用。 形成库仑晶体的离子数量和温度是许多束缚离子实验中的两个关键属性。 在这里，我们提出了一种快速且准确的方法，基于卷积神经网络（CNN）从离子的荧光图像中确定这些属性。 在此方法中，我们首先使用分子动力学模拟生成大量不同离子数量和温度的库仑晶体图像，然后在这些图像上训练CNN模型以分类所需的属性。 在示例任务中比较了几种常见预训练CNN模型的分类性能。 我们发现，对于离子数量在100-299之间、常规温度为5-15 mK的晶体，表现最好的模型可以以93%的准确率区分单个离子数量的变化，并以92%的准确率区分1 mK的温度变化。 由于训练好的模型可以直接集成到实验中，可以非侵入性地实现实时确定这些属性，这有望大大促进对束缚离子的实时分析和控制。
Coulomb crystals -- ordered structures of cold ions confined in ion traps -- find applications in a variety of research fields. The number and temperature of the ions forming the Coulomb crystals are two key attributes of interest in many trapped-ion experiments. Here, we present a fast and accurate approach to determining these attributes from fluorescence images of the ions based on convolutional neural networks (CNNs). In this approach, we first generate a large number of images of Coulomb crystals with different ion numbers and temperatures using molecular-dynamics simulations and then train CNN models on these images to classify the desired attributes. The classification performance of several common pretrained CNN models was compared in example tasks. We find that for crystals with ion numbers in the range 100--299 and secular temperatures of 5--15 mK, the best-performing model can discern number variations on the level of one ion with an accuracy of 93% and temperature variations by 1 mK with an accuracy of 92%. Since the trained model can be directly integrated into experiments, in-situ determination of these attributes can be realized in a non-invasive fashion, which has the potential to greatly facilitate the analysis and control of trapped ions in real time.
- [12] arXiv:2503.04437 (替换) [中文pdf, pdf, 其他]
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标题： 软X射线单光子计数像素探测器标题： Single-photon counting pixel detector for soft X-raysFilippo Baruffaldi, Anna Bergamaschi, Maurizio Boscardin, Martin Brueckner, Tim A. Butcher, Maria Carulla, Matteo Centis Vignali, Roberto Dinapoli, Simone Finizio, Erik Froejdh, Dominic Greiffenberg, Aldo Mozzanica, Giovanni Paternoster, Nicholas W. Phillips, Jörg Raabe, Bernd Schmitt, Jiaguo Zhang期刊参考： 通讯物理 8, 321 (2025)主题： 仪器与探测器 (physics.ins-det) ; 应用物理 (physics.app-ph)
软X射线实验在同步辐射光源中对于广泛的研究领域至关重要。 然而，目前市场上可用的该能量范围的探测器通常无法在一个系统中提供必要的量子效率、信噪比、动态范围、速度和抗辐射能力的组合。 虽然在硬X射线范围内，混合探测器已有效解决了这些问题，特别是单光子计数像素探测器在高性能同步辐射应用中被广泛使用，但低于2 keV能量的类似解决方案仍备受期待。 在本工作中，我们介绍了首个能够检测低至550 eV X射线能量的单光子计数混合像素探测器，该探测器利用了低增益雪崩二极管（LGAD）传感器的内部放大功能。 该探测器在信噪比和探测量子效率方面进行了全面表征。 我们通过在MAX IV第四代同步辐射光源处的ptychographic成像，在Fe L$_3$边缘（707 eV）展示了该系统的检测性能提升。 这一进展为同步辐射中的软X射线应用设定了新标准，为在较低光子能量下的成像和分析带来了重大进步。
Soft X-ray experiments at synchrotron light sources are essential for a wide range of research fields. However, commercially available detectors for this energy range often cannot deliver the necessary combination of quantum efficiency, signal-to-noise ratio, dynamic range, speed, and radiation hardness within a single system. While hybrid detectors have addressed these challenges effectively in the hard X-ray regime, specifically with single photon counting pixel detectors extensively used in high-performance synchrotron applications, similar solutions are desired for energies below 2 keV. In this work, we introduce the first single-photon-counting hybrid pixel detector capable of detecting X-ray energies as low as 550 eV, utilizing the internal amplification of Low-Gain Avalanche Diode (LGAD) sensors. This detector is thoroughly characterized in terms of Signal-to-Noise Ratio and Detective Quantum Efficiency. We demonstrate its capabilities through ptychographic imaging at MAX IV 4th generation synchrotron light source at the Fe L$_3$-edge (707 eV), showcasing the enhanced detection performance of the system. This development sets a new benchmark for soft X-ray applications at synchrotrons, paving the way for significant advancements in imaging and analysis at lower photon energies.
- [13] arXiv:2504.08466 (替换) [中文pdf, pdf, html, 其他]
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标题： 双介质激光阈值磁强计：磁感应强度依赖的激光阈值标题： Two-media laser threshold magnetometry: A magnetic-field-dependent laser thresholdYves Rottstaedt, Lukas Lindner, Florian Schall, Felix A. Hahl, Tingpeng Luo, Florentin Reiter, Takeshi Ohshima, Alexander M. Zaitsev, Roman Bek, Marcel Rattunde, Jan Jeske, Rüdiger Quay期刊参考： Y. Rottstaedt 等；双介质激光阈值磁强计：磁场依赖的激光阈值。APL 光子学 2025 年 8 月 1 日；10 (8): 086112主题： 光学 (physics.optics) ; 应用物理 (physics.app-ph) ; 量子物理 (quant-ph)
氮化硼（NV）中心在金刚石中是一个有前景的高精度磁力计平台。 与许多NV磁力计中使用自发发射不同，激光阈值磁力计（LTM）通过将掺NV的金刚石置于光学腔内，利用NV中心的受激发射。 NV激光系统预计将达到高磁场依赖的对比度和相干信号强度，从而提高磁场灵敏度并保持高线性度。 在此，我们考虑一个双介质设置，其中腔体还包括一个垂直外部腔面发射激光器。 这种光活性材料在\SI{750}{nm}处补偿腔体损耗，同时仍允许来自NV-金刚石的磁场依赖效应。 我们展示了磁场依赖的激光阈值，并研究了泵浦激光引起的金刚石吸收效应。 实验数据得到了基于速率模型的解析模拟的支持。 此外，我们推导了一个广义公式，在高对比度范围内计算散粒噪声限制的磁场灵敏度，对于当前设置得出 49.07(33) pT/$\sqrt{\text{Hz}}$。 优化的 NV-金刚石模拟表明，最低可达 4.9 ft/$\sqrt{\text{Hz}}$。
Nitrogen-vacancy (NV) centers in diamond are a promising platform for high-precision magnetometry. In contrast to the use of spontaneous emission in a number of NV-magnetometers, laser threshold magnetometry (LTM) exploits stimulated emission of NV centers by placing an NV-doped diamond inside an optical cavity. The NV laser system is predicted to reach a high magnetic-field-dependent contrast and coherent signal strength, leading to an improved magnetic field sensitivity combined with a high linearity. Here, we consider a two-media setup where the cavity additionally includes a vertical external cavity surface emitting laser. This optically active material compensates cavity losses at \SI{750}{nm} while still allowing for magnetic-field-dependent effects from the NV-diamond. We demonstrate a magnetic-field-dependent laser threshold and investigate the effects of pump laser induced absorption of the diamond. The experimental data is supported by an analytical simulation based on a rate model. Furthermore, we derive a generalized formula to compute the shot-noise-limited magnetic field sensitivity in the regime of high contrast yielding 49.07(33) pT/$\sqrt{\text{Hz}}$ for the present setup. Simulations with an optimized NV-diamond suggest that values down to 4.9 ft/$\sqrt{\text{Hz}}$ are possible.
- [14] arXiv:2507.08332 (替换) [中文pdf, pdf, 其他]
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标题： 电热调制纳米光子波导集成环形谐振器标题： Electrothermally Modulated Nanophotonic Waveguide-integrated Ring Resonator评论： 13页，5图主题： 光学 (physics.optics) ; 应用物理 (physics.app-ph)
可重构的光子组件和网络集成芯片被设想在实现高效集成光子信息处理中发挥关键作用。 电热调制光学效应（ETMOE）是硅光子器件的一种强大的热光调谐机制，通过局部焦耳加热实现精确的光学控制。 我们提出了一种严格且三维电子光子共集成方法，结合温度与波长相关的材料特性的非线性数值耦合，全面模拟硅波导和谐振器中的ETMOE。 使用先进的真正三维数值仿真优化了基于铂的对称加热器，在实现高效ETMOE调制的同时减轻了不对称的热量分布。 除了对完全集成的三维开关进行完整的设计和分析外，我们还评估了单模波导截止、加热器与波导间距、加热器尺寸和热耗散，为基于ETMOE的优化提供了一个框架。 这些发现有助于节能、可编程的光子系统，用于神经形态计算、光互连和可重构光子网络。
Reconfigurable integrated chips of photonic components and networks are envisaged to play a key role in realizing highly efficient integrated photonic information processing. Electrothermally modulated optical effect (ETMOE) is a powerful thermo-optic tuning mechanism for silicon photonic devices, enabling precise optical control via localized Joule heating. We present a rigorous and three-dimensional electronic-photonic co-integrated approach with the nonlinear numerical coupling of temperature and wavelength-dependent material properties to comprehensively model ETMOE in silicon waveguides and resonators. A platinum-based symmetric heater is optimized using advanced true 3D numerical simulations, achieving efficient ETMOE-based tuning while mitigating asymmetric heat distribution. In addition to a complete design and analysis of the fully integrated three-dimensional switch, we also evaluate single-mode waveguide cutoff, heater-to-waveguide separation, heater dimensions, and thermal dissipation, providing a framework for ETMOE-based optimization. The findings contribute to energy-efficient, programmable photonic systems for neuromorphic computing, optical interconnects, and reconfigurable photonic networks.
- [15] arXiv:2508.11838 (替换) [中文pdf, pdf, html, 其他]
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标题： 变形驱动吸盘：一种用于可穿戴电子产品的力学方法标题： Deformation Driven Suction Cups: A Mechanics-Based Approach to Wearable ElectronicsSeola Lee, Andrew Akerson, Roham Pardakhtim, Ehsan Hajiesmaili, Kevin Rhodes, Zidong Li, Andrew Stanley, Amirhossein Amini, Daniele Piazza, Chiara Daraio, Tianshu Liu主题： 医学物理 (physics.med-ph) ; 材料科学 (cond-mat.mtrl-sci) ; 应用物理 (physics.app-ph)
可穿戴电子设备正成为健康监测、触觉反馈和人机交互的关键工具。 尽管在设备与身体的界面处保持稳定接触对于这些应用至关重要，但由于皮肤的柔软性、粗糙度和机械变异性，这仍然具有挑战性。 现有的方法，如接地结构或粘性胶带，常常面临接触丢失、重复性有限以及对所支持电子设备类型有局限的问题。 基于吸力的粘合剂通过在不需要紧束带或化学粘合剂的情况下产生负压，提供了一个有前景的替代方案。 然而，大多数现有的杯状设计依赖于刚性表面的假设，并忽略了吸力杯与皮肤之间的机械相互作用。 受传统拔罐疗法的启发，我们提出了一种基于吸力的粘合系统，该系统通过弹性变形和恢复进行附着。 通过分析建模、数值模拟和实验，我们提出了一种基于力学的框架，展示了吸力性能如何依赖于杯体几何形状、基底柔度和界面粘附力。 我们表明，杯体几何形状应根据基底刚度进行定制。 宽而扁平的吸力杯在刚性表面上表现良好，但在像皮肤这样的软表面上会因基底侵入腔室而失效。 窄而高耸的穹顶更能保持可恢复体积并产生更强的吸力。 为了在粗糙、干燥的皮肤上改善密封效果，我们引入了一种由接触力学模型指导的柔软、粘性的界面层。 根据我们为皮肤吸力粘合剂设计的原则，我们展示了在多种解剖区域中，刚性和柔性组件（包括运动传感器、触觉执行器和电生理电极）的安全附着。 这些发现为设计下一代适合皮肤的可穿戴电子设备粘合剂提供了基础。
Wearable electronics are emerging as essential tools for health monitoring, haptic feedback, and human-computer interactions. While stable contact at the device-body interface is critical for these applications, it remains challenging due to the skin's softness, roughness, and mechanical variability. Existing methods, such as grounding structures or adhesive tapes, often suffer from contact loss, limited repeatability, and restrictions on the types of electronics they can support. Suction-based adhesives offer a promising alternative by generating negative pressure without requiring tight bands or chemical adhesives. However, most existing cup designs rely on rigid-surface assumptions and overlook mechanical interactions between suction cups and skin. Inspired by traditional cupping therapies, we present a suction-based adhesive system that attaches through elastic deformation and recovery. Using analytical modeling, numerical simulations, and experiments, we present a mechanics-based framework showing how suction performance depends on cup geometry, substrate compliance, and interfacial adhesion. We show that cup geometry should be tailored to substrate stiffness. Wide, flat suction cups perform well on rigid surfaces but fail on soft ones like skin due to substrate intrusion into the chamber. Narrow and tall domes better preserve recoverable volume and generate stronger suction. To improve sealing on rough, dry skin, we introduce a soft, tacky interfacial layer informed by a contact mechanics model. Using our design principles for skin suction adhesives, we demonstrate secure attachment of rigid and flexible components including motion sensors, haptic actuators, and electrophysiological electrodes across diverse anatomical regions. These findings provide a fundamental basis for designing the next generation of skin-friendly adhesives for wearable electronics.
- [16] arXiv:2508.20299 (替换) [中文pdf, pdf, html, 其他]
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标题： 超快激光烧蚀等离子体中的磁离心效应标题： Magnetic Centrifuge Effects in Ultrafast Laser Ablation Plasmas评论： 替换版本的标题发生了变化，并改进了章节编号，同时对文本内容进行了小的澄清。标题的更改是为了一个更通用和简化的版本。摘要和结论保持不变。数据或分析没有发生变化。主题： 等离子体物理 (physics.plasm-ph) ; 应用物理 (physics.app-ph)
一个自洽模型被开发出来，以解释在超快激光照射固体表面产生的烧蚀等离子体中观察到的镍同位素异常丰富的现象。 该模型基于烧蚀等离子体中自发形成的磁力离心机以及等离子体离子的循环旋转，旋转速率约为10^9弧度每秒。 质量分离发生在圆柱对称的径向坐标处，纵向轴垂直于烧蚀表面。 对于镍同位素提取出高斯形状的径向磁场分布，峰值磁场为53兆高斯，平均磁场为20兆高斯。 除了离子的循环旋转外，还提出了一种刚性转子模型，该模型与整个等离子体的流体力学旋转有关，并被证明对同位素富集影响很小。 循环旋转主导了这一过程。 对于特定的循环电荷态，观察到显著的富集共振，并被证明与离子伯恩斯坦波（IBW）耦合有关，这种耦合为这些共振轨道提供了静电加速作用。
A self-consistent model is developed to explain the anomalously large enrichment of nickel isotopes observed in ablation plumes from ultrafast laser irradiation of solid surfaces. The model is based on the spontaneous creation of a magnetic centrifuge in the ablation plume and the associated cyclotron rotation of plasma ions with rotation rates on the order of 10^9 radians per second. Mass separation occurs around the radial coordinate of cylindrical symmetry with longitudinal axis normal to the ablating surface. A Gaussian shaped radial magnetic field distribution is extracted for Ni isotopes with peak field of 53 Megagauss and average field of 20 Megagauss. In addition to cyclotron rotation of ions, a rigid rotor model is also presented that is associated with the hydrodynamic rotation of the entire plasma and is shown to be of little consequence for the isotope enrichment. Cyclotron rotations dominate the process. A profound resonance of enrichment is observed for specific cyclotron charge states and is shown to be associated with Ion Bernstein Wave (IBW) coupling that provides electrostatic acceleration to these resonant orbits.