Title: Helioseismology: Observations and Space Missions Show Chinese title

Title: 日震学：观测和空间任务

Abstract: The great success of Helioseismology resides in the remarkable progress achieved in the understanding of the structure and dynamics of the solar interior. This success mainly relies on the ability to conceive, implement, and operate specific instrumentation with enough sensitivity to detect and measure small fluctuations (in velocity and/or intensity) on the solar surface that are well below one meter per second or a few parts per million. Furthermore the limitation of the ground observations imposing the day-night cycle (thus a periodic discontinuity in the observations) was overcome with the deployment of ground-based networks --properly placed at different longitudes all over the Earth-- allowing longer and continuous observations of the Sun and consequently increasing their duty cycles. In this chapter, we start by a short historical overview of helioseismology. Then we describe the different techniques used to do helioseismic analyses along with a description of the main instrumental concepts. We in particular focus on the instruments that have been operating long enough to study the solar magnetic activity. Finally, we give a highlight of the main results obtained with such high-duty cycle observations (>80%) lasting over the last few decades. Show Chinese abstract

Abstract: 日震学的巨大成功在于对太阳内部结构和动力学理解的显著进展。 这一成功主要依赖于构思、实施和操作特定仪器的能力，这些仪器具有足够的灵敏度，能够检测和测量太阳表面上的小波动（速度和/或强度），这些波动远低于每秒一米或几百万分之几。 此外，由于地面观测的限制，观测受到昼夜周期的影响（因此观测出现周期性中断），通过部署地面网络——适当放置在地球不同经度——使得能够对太阳进行更长且连续的观测，从而提高了它们的工作周期。 在本章中，我们首先对日震学进行简要的历史概述。 然后我们描述用于进行日震分析的不同技术，并介绍主要的仪器概念。 我们特别关注那些已经运行足够长时间以研究太阳磁活动的仪器。 最后，我们总结了过去几十年中使用这种高工作周期观测（>80%）获得的主要结果。