Title: Impact of inter-city interactions on disease scaling Show Chinese title

Title: 城市间相互作用对疾病规模的影响

Abstract: Inter-city interactions are critical for the transmission of infectious diseases, yet their effects on the scaling of disease cases remain largely underexplored. Here, we use the commuting network as a proxy for inter-city interactions, integrating it with a general scaling framework to describe the incidence of seven infectious diseases across Brazilian cities as a function of population size and the number of commuters. Our models significantly outperform traditional urban scaling approaches, revealing that the relationship between disease cases and a combination of population and commuters varies across diseases and is influenced by both factors. Although most cities exhibit a less-than-proportional increase in disease cases with changes in population and commuters, more-than-proportional responses are also observed across all diseases. Notably, in some small and isolated cities, proportional rises in population and commuters correlate with a reduction in disease cases. These findings suggest that such towns may experience improved health outcomes and socioeconomic conditions as they grow and become more connected. However, as growth and connectivity continue, these gains diminish, eventually giving way to challenges typical of larger urban areas - such as socioeconomic inequality and overcrowding - that facilitate the spread of infectious diseases. Our study underscores the interconnected roles of population size and commuter dynamics in disease incidence while highlighting that changes in population size exert a greater influence on disease cases than variations in the number of commuters. Show Chinese abstract

Abstract: 城市间互动对于传染病的传播至关重要，但它们对疾病病例规模的影响仍大多未被深入研究。 在这里，我们使用通勤网络作为城市间互动的代理，将其与一般的规模框架相结合，以人口规模和通勤人数为函数，描述巴西城市中七种传染病的发生率。 我们的模型显著优于传统的城市规模方法，揭示了疾病病例与人口和通勤者组合之间的关系因疾病而异，并受到这两个因素的影响。 尽管大多数城市在人口和通勤者变化时表现出疾病病例的非比例增长，但在所有疾病中也观察到了超比例反应。 值得注意的是，在一些小型和孤立的城市中，人口和通勤者的比例增加与疾病病例的减少相关。 这些发现表明，随着这些城镇的增长和连接性的增强，它们可能会经历更好的健康结果和社会经济状况。 然而，随着增长和连通性的持续，这些收益会减少，最终让位于大型城市常见的挑战——如社会经济不平等和拥挤——这些因素会促进传染病的传播。 我们的研究强调了人口规模和通勤动态在疾病发生中的相互关联作用，同时指出人口规模的变化对疾病病例的影响大于通勤人数变化的影响。