Title: The parenthood effect in urban mobility Show Chinese title

Title: 城市移动中的父母效应

Abstract: The modelling of human mobility is vital for the understanding of the complexity of urban dynamics and guiding effective interventions to improve quality of life. Traditional modelling approaches focus on `average citizens,' which overlook the multitude of experiences from distinct sociodemographic groups. Recent studies have unveiled significant variations in mobility patterns related to gender and socioeconomic status, yet the impact of parenthood remains under-explored. Parenthood brings profound changes to daily routines, influenced by factors such as increased caregiving responsibilities, altered work-life balance, and the need for family-friendly environments. Parents often prioritise considerations such as cost of living, social wellbeing, environmental quality, and safety. Quantifying how `friendly' a city is becomes more and more important for parents, especially in the context of rising remote work opportunities which, in turn, reverberate on the choices on where to settle. This work investigates whether these considerations lead to distinct mobility patterns between parents and non-parents, also accounting for the impact of partnership. Using extensive census data across American cities, we analyse how parenthood and partnership reshape their urban experiences. Our findings indicate that cities can indeed be classified by their level of friendliness towards parents and partners. For example, Dallas and Nashville can be more suited for single individuals, New York and Chicago can be more accommodating to parents, while Washington and Baltimore favour married people. These insights contribute to the growing body of research advocating for more nuanced and equitable urban planning. By recognising the diverse needs of different demographic groups, particularly parents, our study underscores the importance of tailored urban design strategies over universal solutions. Show Chinese abstract

Abstract: 人类移动性的建模对于理解城市动态的复杂性以及指导有效的干预措施以提高生活质量至关重要。传统的建模方法关注“普通市民”，而忽略了不同社会经济群体的多种体验。最近的研究揭示了与性别和社会经济地位相关的移动模式的重要差异，但父母身份的影响仍研究不足。父母身份会深刻改变日常作息，受诸如增加的照顾责任、工作与生活平衡的变化以及对家庭友好环境的需求等因素影响。父母通常优先考虑生活成本、社会福祉、环境质量和安全性等因素。量化一个城市有多“友好”对父母来说变得越来越重要，尤其是在远程工作机会增加的背景下，这反过来又影响了人们选择居住地的决定。本研究调查了这些因素是否会导致父母和非父母之间出现不同的移动模式，同时考虑了伴侣关系的影响。利用美国各城市的大量人口普查数据，我们分析了父母身份和伴侣关系如何重塑他们的城市体验。我们的研究结果表明，城市确实可以根据其对父母和伴侣的友好程度进行分类。例如，达拉斯和纳什维尔更适合单身人士，纽约和芝加哥更适合父母，而华盛顿和巴尔的摩则更受已婚人士青睐。这些见解有助于日益增长的研究，倡导更加细致和公平的城市规划。通过认识到不同人口群体（特别是父母）的多样化需求，我们的研究强调了定制化的城市设计策略比普遍解决方案更为重要。