Title: Cluster-lensed supernova yields from the Vera C. Rubin Observatory and Nancy Grace Roman Space Telescope Show Chinese title

Title: 鲁宾天文台和南希·格雷斯罗马太空望远镜的星团透镜超新星产额

Abstract: Through gravitational lensing, galaxy clusters can magnify supernovae (SNe) and create multiple images of the same SN. This enables measurements of cosmological parameters, which will be increasingly important in light of upcoming telescopic surveys. We study the prospects of detecting strongly lensed SNe in cluster fields with the Nancy Grace Roman Space Telescope (Roman)'s High Latitude Time Domain Survey (HLTDS) and the Vera C. Rubin Observatory's Legacy Survey of Space and Time (LSST). We employed two approaches: one focusing on known multiply imaged galaxies behind clusters, along with the SN rates specific to those galaxies, and another based on the expected number of lensed SNe exploding in a given volume behind a galaxy cluster. We collected all the clusters in the literature that feature a well-constrained lens model and multiply imaged galaxies behind clusters with high-quality data for the lensed galaxies. This allowed us to determine the SN rate for each galaxy. We provide predictions for 46 clusters visible to the Vera C. Rubin Observatory, as well as for 9 observable by Roman's HLTDS, depending on whether the clusters fall within the survey's observing field. We predict that the number of multiply imaged SNe discovered by LSST in its first three years is $3.95 \pm 0.89$ from the first approach or $4.94 \pm 1.02$ from the second. For the HLTDS, the expected number of multiply imaged SNe ranges from $0.38 \pm 0.15$ to $5.2 \pm 2.2$, depending on the specific cluster observed, however, the fields to be targeted remain a matter of discussion. We conclude that LSST offers great prospects for detecting multiply imaged SNe. Our predictions are effectively lower limits, as we only considered the most massive and well-studied clusters. We provide a recommendation for HLTDS observing field selection, namely: either MACS J0553.4-3342 or Abell 1758a should be observed by the survey. Show Chinese abstract

Abstract: 通过引力透镜效应，星系团可以放大超新星（SNe），并产生同一超新星的多个图像。 这使得测量宇宙学参数成为可能，这些参数在即将到来的望远镜巡天中将变得越来越重要。 我们研究了使用南希·格雷斯·罗曼太空望远镜（罗马）的高纬度时域巡天（HLTDS）和维拉·C·鲁宾天文台的空间与时间遗产巡天（LSST）在星系团区域探测强引力透镜超新星的前景。 我们采用了两种方法：一种集中于已知位于星系团后方的多重成像星系及其特定的超新星率；另一种基于预期在某一星系团后方给定体积内爆炸的透镜化超新星数量。 我们收集了文献中所有具有明确透镜模型并且其后方有高质量数据的星系团以及多重成像星系。 这使我们能够确定每个星系的超新星率。 我们为维尔·C·鲁宾天文台可见的46个星系团以及罗马的HLTDS可观察到的9个星系团提供了预测，具体取决于这些星系团是否落入调查的观测范围内。 我们预测，在LSST运行的前三年内发现的多重成像超新星数量，第一种方法为$3.95 \pm 0.89$，第二种方法为$4.94 \pm 1.02$。 对于HLTDS，预计发现的多重成像超新星数量范围从$0.38 \pm 0.15$到$5.2 \pm 2.2$，具体取决于观测的具体星系团，然而，目标区域仍需进一步讨论。 我们得出结论，LSST在探测多重成像超新星方面具有很大的潜力。 我们的预测实际上是下限，因为我们仅考虑了最庞大且研究最充分的星系团。 我们为HLTDS的观测场选择提供了一项建议，即：该调查应观测MACS J0553.4-3342或Abell 1758a中的一个。