Title: Cosmological Simulations of Galaxies Show Chinese title

Title: 宇宙学模拟的星系

Abstract: Galaxy simulations have come a long way from the early days of simple N-body calculations, which considered only gravitational interactions, to the complex, multi-physics models used today. Beginning with initial conditions representative of the Universe shortly after the Big Bang, these modern simulations integrate the relevant physical processes involved in galaxy formation, such as gravity, gas dynamics, cooling, star formation, and feedback, while accounting for cosmic expansion and structure formation. This review provides an introductory overview of cosmological galaxy simulations, outlining the essential components and methods used to model the formation and evolution of galaxies on the computer. It also discusses common steps in the post-processing analysis, essential for extracting physical insights from these numerical experiments, along with basic tests to assess simulation validity and accuracy. Looking forward, next-generation simulations aim to push resolution boundaries, incorporate additional physical processes, and improve the robustness of the numerical models, promising to lead to a deeper understanding of how galaxies emerged and evolved over cosmic time. Show Chinese abstract

Abstract: 银河系模拟已经从早期仅考虑引力相互作用的简单N体计算中走了很远，发展到如今使用的复杂多物理模型。 从代表大爆炸后不久宇宙的初始条件开始，这些现代模拟整合了星系形成过程中涉及的相关物理过程，如引力、气体动力学、冷却、恒星形成和反馈，同时考虑到宇宙膨胀和结构形成。 本综述提供了一个关于宇宙学银河系模拟的入门概述，介绍了用于在计算机上建模星系形成和演化的关键组成部分和方法。 它还讨论了后处理分析中的常见步骤，这对于从这些数值实验中提取物理见解至关重要，同时还包括用于评估模拟有效性和准确性的基本测试。 展望未来，下一代模拟旨在突破分辨率边界，纳入更多的物理过程，并提高数值模型的鲁棒性，有望带来对星系如何在宇宙时间中出现和演化的更深入理解。