Title: A moderate share of V2G outperforms large-scale smart charging of electric vehicles and benefits other consumers Show Chinese title

Title: 适量的V2G优于大规模电动汽车智能充电，并有利于其他消费者

Abstract: While battery electric vehicles (BEVs) play a key role for decarbonizing the transport sector, their impact on the power sector heavily depends on their charging strategies. Here we systematically analyze various combinations between inflexible, smart and bidirectional (or vehicle-to-grid, V2G) charging of 15 million electric cars in Germany. Using a capacity expansion model, we find that even a moderate share of bidirectional charging below 30% leads to lower system costs than a fully smartly charging BEV fleet. At a V2G share of 50%, costs are even lower than in a system without any BEVs. This means that the flexibility effect of half of the BEV fleet charging bidirectionally outweighs the demand effect of the whole BEV fleet. We show how costs savings are driven by the ability of V2G to serve demand, especially during hours with high residual load. We also explore the distributional effects of respective electricity price changes. While V2G car owners internalize a substantial share of overall cost savings, the benefits increasingly spill over to other electricity consumers as the share of bidirectional charging grows. We conclude that policymakers should focus on enabling a moderate fleet share of V2G rather than on enabling every car to charge smartly. Show Chinese abstract

Abstract: 虽然电池电动车辆（BEVs）在减少交通部门碳排放中发挥着关键作用，但它们对电力部门的影响很大程度上取决于其充电策略。 在这里，我们系统地分析了德国1500万辆电动汽车在非灵活、智能和双向（或车辆到电网，V2G）充电之间的各种组合。 使用一个容量扩展模型，我们发现即使双向充电的比例低于30%，也会比完全智能充电的BEV车队带来更低的系统成本。 在V2G比例为50%时，成本甚至低于没有任何BEV的系统。 这意味着一半的BEV车队进行双向充电的灵活性效应超过了整个BEV车队的需求效应。 我们展示了成本节约是如何由V2G满足需求的能力驱动的，尤其是在剩余负荷较高的时段。 我们还探讨了相应电价变化的分配效应。 虽然V2G汽车车主内部化了总体成本节约的相当大一部分，但随着双向充电比例的增长，这些好处越来越多地溢出到其他电力消费者。 我们得出结论，政策制定者应专注于促进适度比例的V2G车队，而不是让每辆车都能智能充电。