Title: Constraining the Mass Loss and the Kinetic Energy of Solar Coronal Mass with Far-Ultraviolet Flares Show Chinese title

Title: 利用远紫外耀斑约束日冕物质抛射的质量损失和动能

Abstract: Stellar eruptive events, such as flares and coronal mass ejections (CMEs), can affect planetary habitability by disturbing the stability of their atmospheres. For instance, strong stellar flares and CMEs can trigger atmospheric escape and, in extreme cases, may strip away the atmosphere completely. While stellar flares have been observed and explored at a wide range of wavelengths, the physical properties of stellar CMEs remain unconstrained due to the difficulty in observing them. In this context, the Sun provides our only window on the potential characteristics of CMEs on Sun-like stars. A correlation between solar X-ray flare peak flux and the mass of flare-associated solar CMEs has been reported using solar data collected during Solar Cycle 23 (1996-2006) (Aarnio et al. 2011). Here, we build upon that work. We extend the correlation into the far-UV (FUV), where stellar flares are and will be routinely detected with existing and future FUV observatories by incorporating data spanning two entire Solar Cycles (23 and 24; 1996-2019). Using three different space missions (CMEs from LASCO/SOHO, X-ray flare events from XRS/GOES, and FUV flares from AIA/SDO), we report a correlation between FUV flare peak flux and energy centered at 1600{\AA} and mass, kinetic energy, and linear speed of flare-associated CMEs. These empirical relations enable estimates of CME masses and kinetic energies from FUV flares on Sun-like stars. While direct stellar-CME detections remain elusive, the correlations derived here are likely applicable to Sun-like stars and provide a working framework for evaluating exoplanet atmospheric erosion. Show Chinese abstract

Abstract: 恒星爆发事件，如耀斑和日冕物质抛射（CMEs），可以通过扰乱其大气的稳定性而影响行星的宜居性。 例如，强烈的恒星耀斑和CMEs可以引发大气逃逸，在极端情况下，甚至可能完全剥离大气层。 尽管已经对恒星耀斑在广泛的波长范围内进行了观测和研究，但由于观测上的困难，恒星CME的物理特性仍然未被约束。 在这一背景下，太阳是我们了解类似太阳的恒星上CME潜在特性的唯一窗口。 利用在太阳活动周期23（1996-2006）期间收集的太阳数据，已有研究报道了太阳X射线耀斑峰值通量与相关太阳CME质量之间的相关性（Aarnio等，2011）。 在此基础上，我们进一步拓展了这一研究。 我们通过结合跨越两个完整太阳活动周期（23和24；1996-2019）的数据，将这一相关性扩展到远紫外（FUV）波段，因为现有的和未来的FUV观测设备将常规检测恒星耀斑。 使用三项不同的空间任务（来自LASCO/SOHO的CMEs、来自XRS/GOES的X射线耀斑事件以及来自AIA/SDO的FUV耀斑），我们报告了FUV耀斑峰值通量与位于1600{\AA }处的能量以及相关CME的质量、动能和线速度之间的相关性。 这些经验关系使得可以从类似太阳的恒星上的FUV耀斑估算CME的质量和动能。 虽然直接的恒星CME探测仍然难以实现，但这里得出的相关性很可能适用于类似太阳的恒星，并为评估系外行星大气侵蚀提供了一个可行的框架。