Title: Kinesthetic Weight Modulation: The Effects of Whole-Arm Tendon Vibration on the Perceived Heaviness Show Chinese title

Title: 本体感觉重量调节：全身手臂肌腱振动对感知重量的影响

Abstract: Kinesthetic illusions, which arise when muscle spindles are activated by vibration, provide a compact means of presenting kinesthetic sensations. Because muscle spindles contribute not only to sensing body movement but also to perceiving heaviness, vibration-induced illusions could potentially modulate weight perception. While prior studies have primarily focused on conveying virtual movement, the modulation of perceived heaviness has received little attention. Presenting a sense of heaviness is essential for enriching haptic interactions with virtual objects. This study investigates whether multi-point tendon vibration can increase or decrease perceived heaviness (Experiment 1) and how the magnitude of the effect can be systematically controlled (Experiment 2). The results show that tendon vibration significantly increases perceived heaviness but does not significantly decrease it, although a decreasing trend was observed. Moreover, the increase can be adjusted across at least three levels within the range of 350-450 g. Finally, we discuss plausible mechanisms underlying this vibration-induced modulation of weight perception. Show Chinese abstract

Abstract: 当肌肉梭被振动激活时产生的动觉错觉，提供了一种紧凑的方式来呈现动觉感觉。 由于肌肉梭不仅有助于感知身体运动，还参与感知重量，因此由振动引起的错觉可能潜在地调节重量感知。 尽管先前的研究主要集中在传达虚拟运动上，但对感知重量的调节却很少受到关注。 呈现重量的感觉对于丰富与虚拟物体的触觉交互至关重要。 本研究探讨了多点肌腱振动是否可以增加或减少感知重量（实验1），以及该效应的大小如何系统地控制（实验2）。 结果表明，肌腱振动显著增加了感知重量，但并未显著减少，尽管观察到了减少的趋势。 此外，增加的程度可以在350-450克的范围内调整至少三个层次。最后，我们讨论了这种由振动引起的重量感知调节的可能机制。