标题： 黑洞化学：最初的15年 显示英文标题

标题： Black Hole Chemistry: the first 15 years

摘要： 热力学引入引力物理始于50年前，当时发现一旦考虑半经典量子效应，黑洞的行为就像热力学系统。 引入引力物理并最初应用于黑洞的温度、熵、功和相变概念，后来也被扩展到宇宙视界和其他情况。 15年前出现了一个重大进展，即以宇宙学常数的形式引入压强。 通过将热力学相空间扩展以包含这一项及其共轭体积，发现黑洞表现出多种相变，这些相变类似于化学实验室中观察到的现象。 黑洞热力学已发展为黑洞化学，这为理解黑洞的本质提供了丰富的见解，引入了如范德华流体、再入相变和三相点等概念。 我将讨论黑洞化学的起源及其在早期综述[1]中涵盖的基本特征，然后描述此后该领域的发展。 例子包括多临界行为、聚合物转变、超流转变、标量毛发、热机、NUT电荷、加速热力学、焦耳-汤姆逊膨胀、全息理论、复杂性、中心荷临界性、微观结构、热力学张力、相动力学和热力学拓扑。 这些新现象的丰富性表明，我们很可能仍从黑洞化学中学到很多。 显示英文摘要

摘要： The introduction of thermodynamics into gravitational physics began 5 decades ago with the discovery that black holes behave like thermodynamic systems once semiclassical quantum effects are taken into account. Notions of temperature, entropy, work, and phase changes that were introduced into gravitational physics and originally applied to black holes, were later extended to cosmological horizons and other settings as well. A major development occurred 15 years ago with the introduction of pressure in the form of a cosmological constant. By extending the thermodynamic phase space to include this term, along with its conjugate volume, black holes were found to exhibit a broad variety of phase transitions that resembled phenomena seen in chemistry labs. Black hole thermodynamics has become Black Hole Chemistry, which has led to a wealth of insights into the nature of black holes, introducing concepts such as Van der Waals fluids, reentrant phase transitions, and triple points into gravitational physics. I discuss the origins of Black Hole Chemistry and its basic features covered in an earlier review [1], and then go on to describe developments in the subject that have taken place since then. Examples include multicritical behaviour, polymeric transitions, superfluid transitions, scalar hair, heat engines, NUT-charge, acceleration thermodynamics, the Joule-Thompson expansion, holography, complexity, central charge criticality, microstructure, thermodynamic tension, phase dynamics, and thermodynamic topology. This wealth of new phenomena suggest that we likely still have a lot to learn from Black Hole Chemistry.