标题： 地形上的地球物理流动，实验室实验的游乐场 显示英文标题

标题： Geophysical flows over topography, a playground for laboratory experiments

摘要： 物理学家在模拟地球海洋和大气或液态行星核心中观察到的多尺度现象时面临重大挑战。 特别是，由于地理流体是旋转的并受密度变化的影响，而且流体边界具有复杂的几何形状（例如海洋底部），其波长从米到数千公里不等，因此出现了复杂性。 因此，行星流体层的动力学模型通常受到观测的限制，而这些观测的解释需要对基础物理有全面的理解。 为此，地理研究常常结合广泛参数范围内的尖端实验，以及理论和数值模拟，以推导适用于行星环境的预测性标度定律。 在本综述中，我们讨论了对地形地理流理解有所贡献的实验工作。 更具体地说，我们关注（i）在存在大尺度（椭球形）地形的情况下，机械（轨道）力对流动的响应，（ii）小尺度地形对整体流动和边界层动力学的一些影响，以及（iii）对流与粗糙度之间的相互作用。 每个情况的地理背景简要介绍，并提出了一些实验观点。 显示英文摘要

摘要： Physicists face major challenges in modelling multi-scale phenomena that are observed in geophysical flows (e.g. in the Earth's oceans and atmosphere, or liquid planetary cores). In particular, complexities arise because geophysical fluids are rotating and subject to density variations, but also because the fluid boundaries have complex geometries (e.g. the ocean floor) with wavelengths ranging from metres to thousands of kilometres. Dynamical models of planetary fluid layers are thus often constrained by observations, whose interpretation necessitates a comprehensive understanding of the underlying physics. To this end, geophysical studies often combine cutting-edge experiments across a wide range of parameters, together with theory and numerical simulations, to derive predictive scaling laws applicable for planetary settings. In this review, we discuss experimental efforts that have contributed to our understanding of geophysical flows with topography. More specifically, we focus on (i) the flow response to mechanical (orbital) forcings in the presence of a large-scale (ellipsoidal) topography, (ii) some effects of small-scale topography onto bulk flows and boundary-layer dynamics, and (iii) the interaction between convection and roughness. The geophysical context is briefly introduced for each case, and some experimental perspectives are drawn.