标题： 基于创新数值模拟的石墨化电极三维钻石探测器优化 显示英文标题

标题： Optimization of 3D diamond detectors with graphitized electrodes based on an innovative numerical simulation

摘要： 未来在强子对撞机上的实验需要跟踪传感器的发展，以确保足够的辐射硬度和时间分辨率来处理前所未有的粒子通量。 具有激光石墨化电极的三维钻石传感器因其强大的结合能、小的原子序数和高的载流子迁移率而很有前景，但刻蚀电极的高电阻会延迟感应信号向读出端的传播，从而恶化时间测量的精度。 到目前为止，这种效应一直是这些设备时间分辨率的主要贡献因素，因此，其他贡献，例如由于电场不均匀性或电子噪声引起的贡献，可以忽略不计。 然而，石墨化技术的最新进展要求在建模三维钻石探测器中的信号产生时做出新的努力，以实现更普遍和可靠的预测。 为此，我们应用了Ramo-Shockley定理的一个扩展版本，该定理将信号传播的影响表示为随时间变化的权重势，通过在准静态近似下数值求解麦克斯韦方程获得。 我们开发了一个定制的谱方法求解器，并使用COMSOL Multiphysics对其进行了验证。 然后使用Garfield++模拟模型传感器对粒子束的响应，并将其与由TimeSPOT合作组织在CERN的SPS进行的2021年束流测试中获得的数据进行比较。 根据使用这一新模拟管道获得的结果，我们得出结论，降低石墨柱的电阻仍然是显著提高三维钻石探测器时间分辨率的首要任务。 一旦实现了这一点，优化探测器几何结构和读出电子设计将是进一步提高这些设备时间性能的同样重要的步骤。 显示英文摘要

摘要： Future experiments at hadron colliders require an evolution of the tracking sensors to ensure sufficient radiation hardness and timing resolution to handle unprecedented particle fluxes. 3D diamond sensors with laser-graphitized electrodes are promising due to their strong binding energy, small atomic number, and high carrier mobility, but the high resistance of the engraved electrodes delays the propagation of the induced signals towards the readout, deteriorating the precision of the timing measurements. This effect has been so far the dominant contribution to the time resolution of these devices, such that other contributions, for example, those due to electric field inhomogeneities or electronic noise, could be neglected. However, recent advancements in graphitization technology call for a renewed effort in modeling signal generation in 3D diamond detectors, to achieve more general and reliable predictions. To this purpose, we apply an extended version of the Ramo-Shockley theorem representing the effect of signal propagation as a time-dependent weighting potential, obtained by solving numerically the Maxwell's equations in a quasi-static approximation. We developed a custom spectral method solver and validated it against COMSOL Multiphysics. The response of the modeled sensor to a beam of particles is then simulated using Garfield++ and compared to the data acquired in a beam test carried on in 2021 by the TimeSPOT Collaboration at the SPS, at CERN. Based on the results obtained with this novel simulation pipeline, we conclude that reducing the resistivity of the graphitic columns remains the first priority to significantly improve the time resolution of 3D diamond detectors. Once this is achieved, optimization of the detector geometry and of the readout electronics design will represent equally important steps to further improve the timing performance of these devices.