标题： 人工智能增强的合成生物学的打地鼠式治理挑战：文献综述与新兴框架 显示英文标题

标题： The whack-a-mole governance challenge for AI-enabled synthetic biology: literature review and emerging frameworks

摘要： 人工智能驱动的合成生物学具有巨大的潜力，但也显著增加了生物风险，并带来了新的双重用途问题。 鉴于结合新兴技术所设想的大量创新，情况变得复杂，因为人工智能驱动的合成生物学可能将生物工程扩展到工业生物制造。 然而，文献综述表明，保持创新的合理范围的目标，或者更雄心勃勃地促进庞大的生物经济，并不一定与生物安全相冲突，但需要同步进行。 本文对相关问题进行了文献综述，并描述了跨越命令与控制、管理、自下而上和放任治理等选项的新兴政策和实践框架。 如何实现早期预警系统，以从实验室、故意滥用或公共领域预防和减轻未来的AI驱动生物危害，将不断需要演变，应出现适应性、互动的方法。 尽管生物风险受到既定治理制度的约束，科学家通常遵守生物安全协议，但即使是实验性的但合法的使用也可能导致意外的发展。 由生成式AI支持的聊天机器人最近的进步引发了担忧，即先进的生物见解更容易落入恶意个人或组织之手。 鉴于这些问题，社会需要重新思考如何对人工智能驱动的合成生物学进行治理。 建议的应对当前挑战的方式是“打地鼠”式治理，尽管出现的解决方案可能并不那么不同。 显示英文摘要

摘要： AI-enabled synthetic biology has tremendous potential but also significantly increases biorisks and brings about a new set of dual use concerns. The picture is complicated given the vast innovations envisioned to emerge by combining emerging technologies, as AI-enabled synthetic biology potentially scales up bioengineering into industrial biomanufacturing. However, the literature review indicates that goals such as maintaining a reasonable scope for innovation, or more ambitiously to foster a huge bioeconomy don't necessarily contrast with biosafety, but need to go hand in hand. This paper presents a literature review of the issues and describes emerging frameworks for policy and practice that transverse the options of command-and control, stewardship, bottom-up, and laissez-faire governance. How to achieve early warning systems that enable prevention and mitigation of future AI-enabled biohazards from the lab, from deliberate misuse, or from the public realm, will constantly need to evolve, and adaptive, interactive approaches should emerge. Although biorisk is subject to an established governance regime, and scientists generally adhere to biosafety protocols, even experimental, but legitimate use by scientists could lead to unexpected developments. Recent advances in chatbots enabled by generative AI have revived fears that advanced biological insight can more easily get into the hands of malignant individuals or organizations. Given these sets of issues, society needs to rethink how AI-enabled synthetic biology should be governed. The suggested way to visualize the challenge at hand is whack-a-mole governance, although the emerging solutions are perhaps not so different either.