标题： 捕食者-猎物类型生态模型中的先天行为机制和防御特征 显示英文标题

标题： Innate behavioural mechanisms and defensive traits in ecological models of predator-prey types

摘要： 生态系统中存在多种表型可塑性的例子，这些例子是广泛可诱导防御机制的基础，用于抵御捕食者。 这些策略包括伪装、掘洞、拟态、逃避行为，甚至反击，以在不断变化的捕食威胁下提高生存率。 此外，表现出可塑性反应的能力通常会影响生态平衡，随着时间的推移塑造捕食者与猎物的共存。 本研究引入了一个捕食者-猎物模型，其中猎物物种表现出可诱导的防御，为适应性策略在这些复杂相互作用中的作用提供了新的见解。 防御机制的稳定影响是动态产生的多个引人入胜的结果之一。 此外，即使在较低的猎物防御情况下，当干扰率增加到中等值时，捕食者种群也会上升，但对于更强的防御水平，捕食者种群会单调下降。 此外，当处理率用作控制参数时，我们识别出一个双稳态区域，强调初始种群大小在决定系统结果中的关键作用。 通过考虑有限区域内物种的扩散，研究扩展到了时空模型。 数值模拟显示，随着保护水平的增加，图灵域会减小。 随后，研究扩展以纳入趋性，即物种向另一物种移动或远离的定向运动。 我们的研究确定了模式形成的条件，这由可诱导防御、趋性以及物种扩散之间的相互作用驱动。 数值模拟表明，在时空模型中包含趋性具有稳定作用，从而减少了系统中模式形成的潜力。 显示英文摘要

摘要： There are various examples of phenotypic plasticity in ecosystems that serve as the basis for a wide range of inducible defences against predation. These strategies include camouflage, burrowing, mimicry, evasive actions, and even counterattacks that enhance survival under fluctuating predatory threats. Additionally, the ability to exhibit plastic responses often influences ecological balances, shaping predator-prey coexistence over time. This study introduces a predator-prey model where prey species show inducible defences, providing new insights into the role of adaptive strategies in these complex interactions. The stabilizing impact of the defensive mechanism is one of several intriguing outcomes produced by the dynamics. Moreover, the predator population rises when the interference rate increases to a moderate value even in the presence of lower prey defence but decreases monotonically for stronger defence levels. Furthermore, we identify a bistable domain when the handling rate is used as a control parameter, emphasizing the critical role of initial population sizes in determining system outcomes. By considering the species diffusion in a bounded region, the study is expanded into a spatio-temporal model. The numerical simulation reveals that the Turing domain decreases as the level of protection increases. The study is subsequently extended to incorporate taxis, known as the directed movement of species toward or away from another species. Our investigation identifies the conditions under which pattern formation emerges, driven by the interplay of inducible defences, taxis as well as species diffusion. Numerical simulations demonstrate that including taxis within the spatio-temporal model exerts a stabilizing influence, thereby diminishing the potential for pattern formation in the system.