标题： 宇宙景观中的超大质量双黑洞 显示英文标题

标题： Massive Binary Black Holes in the Cosmic Landscape

摘要： 双黑洞在我们探索宇宙历史中星系演化的过程中占据着特殊的地位。 如果质量较大的黑洞在经历一系列合并事件的（前）星系结构中心生长，那么双黑洞将成为星系组装不可避免的结果。 但是，如果黑洞发生合并，它们将成为宇宙中最强的引力波源。 自然似乎为这些奇特双黑洞的形成提供了一条路径，同时需要解决一些关键问题：质量较大的黑洞如何在合并过程中配对？ 根据潜在星系的特性，黑洞是否总会形成一个紧密的开普勒双星？ 如果双黑洞形成，其硬化过程是否会持续到由引力波反作用力控制的领域？ 气体和/或恒星在刹车黑洞过程中扮演什么角色，合并发生在哪个时间尺度上？ 黑洞是否可以在飞行过程中吸积并在此过程中发光？ N体/流体动力学代码已被证明是研究其演化的关键工具，该领域的进展预计将在努力全面真实地描述黑洞周围的恒星和气体物理过程时迅速增长，从合并的宇宙大尺度开始。 如果在即将开展的引力波实验提供的新窗口中被探测到，双黑洞将为我们深入了解层次聚类过程提供深刻视角，而这一过程是当前星系形成范式的核心。 它们还将是检验广义相对论（作为引力理论）的精美探针。 在旋进、合并和震荡阶段发出的波形，其形状包含了动态演化时空的标志以及视界存在的证据。 显示英文摘要

摘要： Binary black holes occupy a special place in our quest for understanding the evolution of galaxies along cosmic history. If massive black holes grow at the center of (pre-)galactic structures that experience a sequence of merger episodes, then dual black holes form as inescapable outcome of galaxy assembly. But, if the black holes reach coalescence, then they become the loudest sources of gravitational waves ever in the universe. Nature seems to provide a pathway for the formation of these exotic binaries, and a number of key questions need to be addressed: How do massive black holes pair in a merger? Depending on the properties of the underlying galaxies, do black holes always form a close Keplerian binary? If a binary forms, does hardening proceed down to the domain controlled by gravitational wave back reaction? What is the role played by gas and/or stars in braking the black holes, and on which timescale does coalescence occur? Can the black holes accrete on flight and shine during their pathway to coalescence? N-Body/hydrodynamical codes have proven to be vital tools for studying their evolution, and progress in this field is expected to grow rapidly in the effort to describe, in full realism, the physics of stars and gas around the black holes, starting from the cosmological large scale of a merger. If detected in the new window provided by the upcoming gravitational wave experiments, binary black holes will provide a deep view into the process of hierarchical clustering which is at the heart of the current paradigm of galaxy formation. They will also be exquisite probes for testing General Relativity, as the theory of gravity. The waveforms emitted during the inspiral, coalescence and ring-down phase carry in their shape the sign of a dynamically evolving space-time and the proof of the existence of an horizon.