标题： 生命为何出现？ 显示英文标题

标题： Why did life emerge?

摘要： 许多生命机制、功能和结构已经被揭示。 然而，推动化学进化并导致生命的根本驱动力仍然模糊。 热力学第二定律，以运动方程的形式写出，揭示了元素无机物质通过与外部能量耦合的化学反应，从平衡状态演化为复杂的生物非平衡系统。 每当一种新的能量转换机制出现时，例如通过合成中的随机变异，进化会通过间断进行，并在可利用自由能被消耗完后达到稳定状态。 向越来越大的能量转换系统演化的过程累积了多种能量转换机制，即物种。 熵增加率被确定为不同机制之间的适应性标准，这将自然选择的进化理论置于基本的热力学原理之上，且在无生命和有生命之间没有明确的界限。 显示英文摘要

摘要： Many mechanisms, functions and structures of life have been unraveled. However, the fundamental driving force that propelled chemical evolution and led to life has remained obscure. The 2nd law of thermodynamics, written as an equation of motion, reveals that elemental abiotic matter evolves from the equilibrium via chemical reactions that couple to external energy toward complex biotic non-equilibrium systems. Each time a new mechanism of energy transduction emerges, e.g., by random variation in syntheses, evolution prompts by punctuation and settles to a stasis when the accessed free energy has been consumed. The evolutionary course toward an increasingly larger energy transduction system accumulates a diversity of energy transduction mechanisms, i.e., species. The rate of entropy increase is identified as the fitness criterion among the diverse mechanisms which places the theory of evolution by natural selection on the fundamental thermodynamic principle with no demarcation line between inanimate and animate.