标题： 两光子交换在电子散射中的回顾 显示英文标题

标题： Review of two-photon exchange in electron scattering

摘要： 我们回顾了双光子交换（TPE）在电子-强子散射中的作用，特别关注适用于描述大多数实验研究相关的低至中等Q^2区域的强子框架。 我们讨论了TPE对提取核子形式因子的影响及其在解决质子电到磁形式因子比值谜团中的作用。 总结了TPE对各种其他可观测量的影响，包括中子形式因子、共振和π介子的电子产生以及核子形式因子。 还概述了旨在直接识别TPE效应的测量方法，例如通过极化测量的角度依赖性、非线性ε对截面的贡献以及e+ p到e- p截面比值。 在弱相互作用领域，我们描述了TPE和γ-Z干涉在违反宇称的电子散射中的作用，并评估了它们对提取核子的奇异形式因子和质子的弱电荷的影响。 显示英文摘要

摘要： We review the role of two-photon exchange (TPE) in electron-hadron scattering, focusing in particular on hadronic frameworks suitable for describing the low and moderate Q^2 region relevant to most experimental studies. We discuss the effects of TPE on the extraction of nucleon form factors and their role in the resolution of the proton electric to magnetic form factor ratio puzzle. The implications of TPE on various other observables, including neutron form factors, electroproduction of resonances and pions, and nuclear form factors, are summarized. Measurements seeking to directly identify TPE effects, such as through the angular dependence of polarization measurements, nonlinear epsilon contributions to the cross sections, and via e+ p to e- p cross section ratios, are also outlined. In the weak sector, we describe the role of TPE and gamma-Z interference in parity-violating electron scattering, and assess their impact on the extraction of the strange form factors of the nucleon and the weak charge of the proton.