标题： 如果专家得出相同答案，他们是否比初学者缺乏创造力？ 以适应性景观重新定义创造力 显示英文标题

标题： If Experts Converge on the Same Answer are they Less Creative than Beginners? Redefining Creativity in Terms of Adaptive Landscapes

摘要： 标准观点认为创造力既需要原创性又需要适当性，这导致了一个悖论：那些在一项任务中达成一个最优解的专家，被评价为并不比那些提出许多原创性解决方案的初学者更具创造力。 本文主张，不存在一个适用于所有情况的创造力定义；创造力必须相对于任务的约束和可能性进行评估。 与任务相关的适应度景观越平坦，创造力就越仅取决于原创性。 对于具有单峰适应度景观的任务，原创性和适当性之间存在权衡。 只有在具有崎岖适应度景观的任务中，创造力才与原创性和适当性都呈正相关。 建议认为，艺术和科学追求相关的适应度景观同样崎岖，但就艺术追求而言，其拓扑结构反映了独特的体验和情感（高峰和低谷并不对齐）。 显示英文摘要

摘要： The standard view that creativity entails both originality and appropriateness leads to the paradox that experts who converge on one optimal solution are rated as no more creative than beginners who give many original solutions. This paper asserts that there is no one-size-fits-all definition of creativity; creativity must be assessed relative to the constraints and affordances of the task. The flatter the adaptive landscape associated with the task, the greater the extent to which creativity is a function of originality only. For tasks with a single-peaked adaptive landscape, there is a tradeoff between originality and appropriateness. Only for tasks with rugged adaptive landscapes is creativity positively correlated with both originality and appropriateness. It is suggested that the adaptive landscapes associated with artistic and scientific pursuits are equally rugged, but for artistic pursuits their topologies reflect idiosyncratic experiences and emotions (the peaks and valleys are not aligned).