标题： 神经元作为情绪调节的组合开关，以及人类和动物学习行为的模型 显示英文标题

标题： Neuron as an emotion-modulated combinatorial switch, and a model of human and animal learning behavior

摘要： 这种理论论文提出了一种神经元回路布局和突触可塑性原则，使得（锥体）神经元能够作为组合开关，其中神经元学会在那些之前神经元放电后跟随积极情感反应的输入神经元放电组合下更倾向于产生尖峰；认为情感反应是由某些调节性神经递质或激素介导的。 更一般地，建议了一种试错学习范式，在这种范式中，情感的目的在于触发对神经元先前突触输入放电模式的长期增强或削弱机制。 因此，情感提供了一条反馈路径，告知神经元在给定输入组合的情况下，其放电是有益还是有害的。 神经元辨别特定输入神经元放电组合的能力是通过输入突触在树突上的随机或预定空间分布实现的，这种分布导致代表各种输入神经元排列的突触簇。 相应的树突段，或所包含的单个树突棘，由于涉及电压门控通道电导的局部S型阈值处理，如果该段的兴奋性输入和抑制性输入的缺失在时间上是重合的，那么它们能够被特别兴奋。 这种非线性兴奋对应于特定的输入神经元放电组合，并且认为其强度反映了组合记忆，并由长期可塑性机制调节。 还建议，可能由时空突触输入重合引起的树突棘钙离子内流可能导致树突棘头部的肌动蛋白丝发生机械（类似肌肉）收缩，随后的细胞骨架变形传递到轴突始段，可能会... 显示英文摘要

摘要： This theoretical paper proposes a neuronal circuitry layout and synaptic plasticity principles that allow the (pyramidal) neuron to act as a combinatorial switch, whereby the neuron learns to be more prone to generate spikes given those combinations of firing input neurons for which a previous spiking of the neuron had been followed by positive emotional response; the emotional response, it is posited, is mediated by certain modulatory neurotransmitters or hormones. More generally, a trial-and-error learning paradigm is suggested in which the purpose of emotions is to trigger a mechanism of long-term enhancement or weakening of a neuron's spiking response to the preceding synaptic input firing pattern. Thus, emotions provide a feedback pathway that informs neurons whether their spiking was beneficial or detrimental given the combination of inputs. The neuron's ability to discern specific combinations of firing input neurons is achieved through random or predetermined spatial distribution of input synapses on dendrites that results in synaptic clusters that represent various permutations of input neurons. The corresponding dendritic segments, or the enclosed individual spines, are capable of being particularly excited, due to local sigmoidal thresholding involving voltage-gated channel conductances, if the segment's excitatory and absence of inhibitory inputs are temporally coincident. Such nonlinear excitation corresponds to a particular firing combination of input neurons, and it is posited that its strength reflects the combinatorial memory and is regulated by long-term plasticity mechanisms. It is also suggested that the spine calcium influx that may result from the spatiotemporal synaptic input coincidence may cause the spine head actin filaments to undergo mechanical (muscle-like) contraction, with the ensuing cytoskeletal deformation transmitted to the axon hillock where it may...